Europes ecological backbone.pdf

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Acknowledgements Chapter 8 Mountain biodiversity Martin Price (Centre for Mountain Studies, Perth College UHI, the United Kingdom), with contributions as follows: Section 8.1: Mountain species and habitats linked to the EU Habitats Directive Ľuboš Halada, Peter Gajdoš, Július Oszlányi (Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia). Section 8.3: Impacts of climate change John Coll (National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland). Box 8.1: Borut Stumberger, Martin Schneider-Jacoby (EuroNatur, Germany). Box 8.2: Christoph Kueffer (Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland) with contributions from the Mountain Invasion Research Network (MIREN) Consortium: Jake Alexander, Hansjörg Dietz, Keith McDougall, Andreas Gigon, Sylvia Haider, and Tim Seipel. Box 8.3: Harald Pauli, Michael Gottfried, Georg Grabherr (Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Austria) and partners from the GLORIA‐Europe Network. Box 8.4: Ulf Molau (Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden). Reviewers: Douglas Evans (European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity), Ian Burfield (BirdLife International), Des Thompson (Scottish Natural Heritage). Chapter 9 Protected areas in Europe's mountains Martin Price (Centre for Mountain Studies, Perth College UHI, the United Kingdom), with contributions as follows: Gerard Hazeu, Laure Roupioz, and Marta Pérez‐Soba (Alterra, the Netherlands). Section 9.2: Nationally-designated areas Marian Mierla (Danube Delta National Institute, Romania). Box 9.1: Tomasz Pezold, Lee Dudley (IUCN Programme Office for South-Eastern Europe, Serbia). Box 9.2: Bjørn P. Kaltenborn (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Norway). Box 9.3: Branislav Olah (EEA). Box 9.4: Oguz Kurdoglu (Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Forestry), Yildiray Lise (United Nations Development Programme Turkey Office). Box 9.5: Miquel Rafa, Josep M. Mallarach (Foundation Caixa Catalunya, Spain). Reviewers: Douglas Evans, Brian McSharry (European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity), Stig Johansson, Vice-Chair (Pan-Europe),World Commission on Protected Areas, IUCN), Patrizia Rossi (Deputy Vice-chair, Mountains, World Commission on Protected Areas, IUCN). Chapter 10 Integrated approaches to understanding mountain regions Section 10.1: Mountains and rurality Laure Roupioz, Marta Pérez-Soba (Alterra, the Netherlands). Section 10.2: Natural and environmental assets of mountain areas Stefan Kleeschulte, Manuel Löhnertz (Geoville Environmental Services sarl, Luxembourg). Section 10.3: Mountains and wilderness Stephen Carver (Wildland Research Institute, University of Leeds, the United Kingdom). Section 9.1: Natura 2000 sites 8 Europe's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountains
Executive summary Executive summary Introduction and background Europe's mountain areas have social, economic and environmental capital of significance for the entire continent. This importance has been recognised since the late 19th century through national legislation; since the 1970s through regional structures for cooperation; and since the 1990s through regional legal instruments for the Alps and Carpathians. The European Union (EU) first recognised the specific characteristics of mountain areas in 1975 through the designation of Less Favoured Areas (LFAs). During the last decade, EU cohesion policy and the Treaty of Lisbon have both focused specifically on mountains. A wide range of policies, from numerous sectors and levels of governance, influence the management of Europe's mountains. The key EU policy domains address agriculture and rural development, forestry, regional and cohesion policy, and nature conservation and biodiversity, although numerous other relevant and interacting policy domains exist. Some European countries have enacted specific legislation areas addressing their mountainous regions; others address them through sectoral or multisectoral approaches. There are also two regional agreements for the Alps and the Carpathians. Given the range and complexity of these various policies, there is a need to understand their interactions in order to formulate effective policy responses to contribute to sustainable development. Europe's mountains have been delineated in various ways, for example: • for the purposes of national and EU policies, particularly regarding agriculture and, more recently, territorial cohesion; • for the purposes of regional conventions; • for the purposes of studies commissioned by the European Commission in 2004 and the present EEA report. The present report delineates Europe's mountain areas according to topography and altitude criteria, based on data from digital elevation models. For the purposes of this study, 36 % of Europe's area is defined as mountainous, including 29 % of the EU‐27. Massifs also served as a unit of analysis and 15 were defined. This report is based on a highly variable evidence base. For certain variables, comprehensive datasets are only available for EU Member States. Comprehensive Europe-wide datasets are only available for a few variable and topics, often only for one point in time. To help overcome these data gaps, many issues are illustrated through regional, national or sub-national case studies. Mountain people: status and trends Mountain areas often have low population densities because much of their area is unsuitable for human habitation. Densities in valleys may, however, be as high as in lowland areas. In total, 118 million people live in Europe's mountains (17 % of Europe's population), including 33 million in Turkey. In the EU, 63 million people (13 % of the population) live in mountain areas. Ten European countries have at least half of their population living in mountains: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monte Carlo, Switzerland, the Faroes, San Marino, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia and Austria. The highest population densities are found in very small states: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monte Carlo, and San Marino. Except for such small countries, population densities in the mountain parts of countries are always less than outside the mountains. Economic and political changes have influenced mountain populations significantly. From 1990 to 2005, population density across Europe's mountains as a whole increased considerably, although at the level of both massifs and countries, there were both increases and decreases. The differences cannot easily be clustered in north-south, west-east or other terms, such as formerly socialist or not. In Europe's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountains 9
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Land cover and uses 7 Land cover an
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Biodiversity 8 Biodiversity At the
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Biodiversity The geographic scope o
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Biodiversity Recognising that not a
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Biodiversity Figure 8.1 Number of m
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Biodiversity Figure 8.3 Habitats in
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Biodiversity For each habitat type,
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Biodiversity Box 8.2 Alien plants i
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Biodiversity Box 8.3 Climate change
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Biodiversity The pattern of success
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Biodiversity Box 8.4 Recent changes
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Protected areas Box 9.1 Sharr Mount
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Protected areas 9.1 Natura 2000 sit
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Protected areas Table 9.1 Area of N
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Protected areas the mountains of th
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Protected areas scale. Overlaps are
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Integrated approaches to understand
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References References Chapter 1 All
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References European Union, 2010. Pr
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References European Commission, 200
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References Yoshino, M., 2005. Mount
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References World Resources Institut
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References Faggian, P. and Giorgi,
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References Lopez-Moreno, J.I.; Goye
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References Ambrosetti, W. and Barba
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References characteristics of the l
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References Rogora, M., 2007. 'Synch
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References Chapter 7 Aitchison, J.
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References Williamson, T., 2002. Th
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References Lelek, A., 1987. The fre
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References Berthold, P., 2000: Voge
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References years of simulated clima
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References Konstanz, erschienen 199
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References EEA/UNEP, 2004. High nat
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References Innovations in GIS 7. Ta
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Appendix 1 Species Annex Endemic to
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Appendix 2 Appendix 2 Mountain habi
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Appendix 2 Code ( a ) Name Category
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Appendix 2 Code ( a ) Name Category
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TH-AL-10-006-EN-C doi:10.2800/43450
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