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References Berthold, P., 2000: Vogelzug. Wiessenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. BirdLife International, 2004a. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends, and conservation status. BirdLife International, Wageningen. BirdLife International, 2004b. Birds in the European Union: a status assessment. BirdLife International, Wageningen. BirdLife International, 2010. 2010 – Turning or Breaking Point for Europe's Wildlife? A report on EU progress towards halting biodiversity loss. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. [www.birdlife.org/eu/ pdfs/BirdLife2010AssessmentreportFINAL.pdf] Björk, R.G.; Hooshang, M.; Klemedtsson, L.; Lewis-Jonsson, L. and Molau, U., 2007. 'Long-term warming effects on root morphology characteristics, root biomass distribution, and microbial activity in two dry tundra plant communities in northern Sweden'. New Phytologist 176, pp. 862–873. Björk, R.G. and Molau, U., 2007. 'Ecology of alpine snowbeds and the impact of global change'. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 39, pp. 34–43. Brandmayr, P.; Pizzolotto, R. and Scalercio, S., 2003. 'Overview: invertebrate diversity in Europe's alpine regions'. In: Nagy, L.; Grabherr, G.; Körner, C. and Thompson, D.B.A. (eds), Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Springer, Berlin, pp. 233–237. Bright, J.; Langston, R.; Bullman, R.; Evans, R.; Gardner, S. and Pearce-Higgins, J., 2008. 'Map of bird sensitivities to wind farms in Scotland: a tool to aid planning and conservation'. Biological Conservation 141, pp. 2342–2356. Britton, A.J.; Beale, C.M.; Towers, W. and Hewison, R.L., 2009. Biodiversity gains and losses: Evidence for homogenisation of Scottish alpine vegetation. Biological Conservation 142(8): 1728–1739. Buchanan, G.M.; Grant, M.C.; Sanderson, R.A. and Pearce-Higgins, J.W., 2006. 'The contribution of invertebrate taxa to moorland bird diets and the potential implications of land-use management'. Ibis 148, pp. 615–628. Camarero, J.J. and Gutiérrez, E., 2004. 'Pace and pattern of recent treeline dynamics response of ecotones to climatic variability in the Spanish Pyrenees'. Climatic Change 63, pp. 181–200. Cannone, N.; Sgorbati, S. and Guglielmin, M., 2007. 'Unexpected impacts of climate change on alpine vegetation'. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5, pp. 360–364. Casalegno, S.; Amatulli, G.; Camia, A.; Nelson, A. and Pekkarinen, A., 2010. Vulnerability of Pinus cembra L. in the Alps and the Carpathian mountains under present and future climates. Forest Ecology and Management 259, pp. 750–761. CBD (UN Convention on Biological Diversity), 2010. Home page, www.cbd.int [accessed July 2010]. DASIE (Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe) 2010. www.europe-aliens. org [accessed July 2010]. Dirnböck, T.; Dullinger, S. and Grabherr, G., 2003. A regional impact assessment of climate and land-use change on alpine vegetation. Journal of Biogeography 30, pp. 401–417. Dullinger, S.; Dirnbock, T. and Grabherr, G., 2004. 'Modelling climate change-driven treeline shifts: relative effects of temperature increase, dispersal and invasibility'. Journal of Ecology 92, pp. 241–252. Egli, M.; Hitz, C.; Fitze, P. and Mirabella, A., 2004. 'Experimental determination of climate change effects on above-ground and below-ground organic matter in alpine grasslands by translocation of soil cores'. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 167, pp. 457–470. Eionet (European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity), 2007. Article 17 technical, http:// biodiversity.eionet.europa.eu/article17 [Accessed July 2010]. EC (European Commission), 1979. Council Directive 79/409/EEC. 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds. EC (European Commission), 1992. Council Directive 92/43/EEC. 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. EC (European Commission), 2005. Note to the Habitats Committee. Subject: Assessment, monitoring and reporting of conservation status — preparing the 2001–2007 report under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive (DocHab-04-03/03 rev.3). Directorate General Environment, European Commission. EC (European Commission), 2006. Report from the Commission on the Implementation of Directive 79/409/ 228 Europe's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountains
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EEA Report No 6/2010 Europe's ecolo
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Cover design: EEA Cover photo © Ca
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Contents 7 Land cover and uses.....
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Acknowledgements Box 1.5: Maja Vasi
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Acknowledgements Chapter 8 Mountain
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Executive summary general, populati
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Executive summary Among all Europe'
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Introduction and background Interna
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Introduction and background same co
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Introduction and background instrum
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Introduction and background coopera
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Introduction and background instrum
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Introduction and background Box 1.4
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Introduction and background made. W
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Introduction and background Map 1.2
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Introduction and background require
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Introduction and background Map 1.3
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Mountain people: status and trends
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Mountain economies and accessibilit
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Ecosystem services from Europe's mo
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Climate change and Europe's mountai
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The water towers of Europe lowland
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The water towers of Europe Box 6.1
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The water towers of Europe Figure 6
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The water towers of Europe • Navi
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The water towers of Europe in the a
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The water towers of Europe (Livings
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Land cover and uses 7 Land cover an
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Land cover and uses Map 7.2 Dominan
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Land cover and uses Table 7.1 Distr
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Land cover and uses Figure 7.3 Land
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Land cover and uses Table 7.2 Chang
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Land cover and uses Box 7.1 Land us
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Land cover and uses Box 7.1 Land us
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Land cover and uses Figure 7.7 Aver
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Land cover and uses Box 7.3 Land re
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Land cover and uses Box 7.4 Land-us
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Land cover and uses Figure 7.11 Con
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Land cover and uses country before
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Land cover and uses Table 7.8 Natio
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Land cover and uses Map 7.6 Area cl
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Land cover and uses Box 7.6 Identif
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Land cover and uses Table 7.10 Tota
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Biodiversity 8 Biodiversity At the
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Biodiversity The geographic scope o
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Biodiversity Recognising that not a
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Biodiversity Figure 8.1 Number of m
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Biodiversity Figure 8.3 Habitats in
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Biodiversity For each habitat type,
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Biodiversity Box 8.2 Alien plants i
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Biodiversity Box 8.3 Climate change
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Biodiversity The pattern of success
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Biodiversity Box 8.4 Recent changes
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Protected areas Box 9.1 Sharr Mount
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Protected areas 9.1 Natura 2000 sit
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Protected areas Table 9.1 Area of N
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Protected areas the mountains of th
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Protected areas Figure 9.3 Distribu
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Protected areas Figure 9.7 Distribu
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Protected areas Figure 9.10 Changes
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Protected areas Box 9.3 Land use de
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Page 190 and 191: Integrated approaches to understand
Page 204 and 205: References References Chapter 1 All
Page 206 and 207: References European Union, 2010. Pr
Page 208 and 209: References European Commission, 200
Page 210 and 211: References Yoshino, M., 2005. Mount
Page 212 and 213: References World Resources Institut
Page 214 and 215: References Faggian, P. and Giorgi,
Page 216 and 217: References Lopez-Moreno, J.I.; Goye
Page 218 and 219: References Ambrosetti, W. and Barba
Page 220 and 221: References characteristics of the l
Page 222 and 223: References Rogora, M., 2007. 'Synch
Page 224 and 225: References Chapter 7 Aitchison, J.
Page 226 and 227: References Williamson, T., 2002. Th
Page 228 and 229: References Lelek, A., 1987. The fre
Page 232 and 233: References years of simulated clima
Page 234 and 235: References Konstanz, erschienen 199
Page 236 and 237: References EEA/UNEP, 2004. High nat
Page 238 and 239: References Innovations in GIS 7. Ta
Page 240 and 241: Appendix 1 Species Annex Endemic to
Page 246 and 247: Appendix 2 Appendix 2 Mountain habi
Page 248 and 249: Appendix 2 Code ( a ) Name Category
Page 250 and 251: Appendix 2 Code ( a ) Name Category
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