Europes ecological backbone.pdf

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Land cover and uses Map 7.6 Area classified under LFA Articles 16, 18, 19 and 20 and mountain area -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° Areas classified under Less Favoured Areas (LFA) Articles 16, 18, 19 or 20 and mountain area LFA and mountains 60° Partially LFA and mountains Not LFA, but mountains 50° LFA, but not mountains Partially LFA, but not mountains No LFA data Outside data coverage 50° 40° 40° 0 500 1000 1500 km 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° Map 7.7 Mountain areas not classified under LFA Articles 16, 18, 19 or 20 -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° Mountain areas not classified under Less Favoured Areas (LFA) Articles 16, 18, 19 or 20 Not LFA (16, 18, 19, 20), but mountains 60° LFA and mountains No LFA data 50° Outside data coverage 50° 40° 40° 0 500 1000 1500 km 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 136 Europe's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountains
Land cover and uses Box 7.6 Identifying HNV farmland types in Turkey Turkey's rich biodiversity has been vital in the development of agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry over more than 10 000 years (Lise and Stolton, 2010). Approximately half (53 %) of country's area is used for crop and livestock production. While the share of agriculture in total GDP has been declining each year (for example, from 26.1 % in 1980 to 9.2 % in 2006), almost a third of the Turkish population are involved in agriculture. The High Nature Value (HNV) farming concept is highly relevant due to the long history of traditional agriculture. This results in many important semi-natural habitats and large areas of low intensity agriculture, which provide key habitats for wildlife. Following the typology developed by the EEA and UNEP (2004), a typology of HNV farming systems in Turkey was developed within the 'Supporting the Development of a National Agri-environment Programme for Turkey' project, implemented in 2006–2008 by the Bugday Association for Supporting Ecological Living and the Avalon Foundation (Redman and Hemmami, 2008). The main types are: • extensive crop production (predominantly HNV Type 2 farmland — mix of semi-natural vegetation and low intensity cropland) with crop rotations using mainly local cultivars of cereals, pulses and forage crops in dry land areas combined with extensive livestock grazing; • extensive livestock production (predominantly HNV Type 1 farmland — 100 % semi-natural) with highland mixed farming systems (rangeland grazing with meadows and forage crops used for hay, and some cropping); and with alpine farming systems (grazing on alpine pastures with meadows for hay), with some traditional mountain pastoralism; • extensive forest farming (predominantly HNV Type 1 and Type 2 farmland) with mixed farming systems (rangeland grazing with meadows and forage crops used for hay, and some cropping) (see photo below); extensive livestock grazing with no cropping; and traditional mountain pastoralism. An HNV map of Turkey was developed through three stages of mapping: 1) land use and current agricultural practices; 2) Mapping of key biodiversity areas and biodiversity values from the national database for vascular plants, birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, butterflies, freshwater fish and dragonflies; 3) local breeds of cattle, sheep and goats. The map was finalised using CLC data, and shows that 25.9 million ha of Turkey (33.3 % of the total area) is classified as HNV farmland, of which 66.7 % (17.2 million ha) is in the mountains (Map 7.8). These areas require specific natural resource and agriculture management systems and new incentive schemes. Source: Yildiray Lise (United Nations Development Programme Turkey Office); Melike Hemmami, Murat Ataol and Doğa Derneği (Nature Association, Turkey). Photo: © Yildiray Lise Extensive mixed farming systems, associated with villages in the lowland areas, dominated by livestock (cattle and sheep) in Küre Mountains National Park, Turkey. Europe's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountains 137
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EEA Report No 6/2010 Europe's ecolo
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Cover design: EEA Cover photo © Ca
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Contents 7 Land cover and uses.....
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Acknowledgements Box 1.5: Maja Vasi
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Acknowledgements Chapter 8 Mountain
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Executive summary general, populati
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Executive summary Among all Europe'
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Introduction and background Interna
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Introduction and background same co
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Introduction and background instrum
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Introduction and background coopera
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Introduction and background instrum
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Introduction and background Box 1.4
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Introduction and background made. W
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Introduction and background Map 1.2
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Introduction and background require
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Introduction and background Map 1.3
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Mountain people: status and trends
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Mountain economies and accessibilit
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Ecosystem services from Europe's mo
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Climate change and Europe's mountai
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Page 88 and 89: The water towers of Europe lowland
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Page 98 and 99: The water towers of Europe in the a
Page 106 and 107: The water towers of Europe (Livings
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Page 114 and 115: Land cover and uses Map 7.2 Dominan
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Page 126 and 127: Land cover and uses Figure 7.7 Aver
Page 128 and 129: Land cover and uses Box 7.3 Land re
Page 130 and 131: Land cover and uses Box 7.4 Land-us
Page 132 and 133: Land cover and uses Figure 7.11 Con
Page 134 and 135: Land cover and uses country before
Page 136 and 137: Land cover and uses Table 7.8 Natio
Page 140 and 141: Land cover and uses Box 7.6 Identif
Page 142 and 143: Land cover and uses Table 7.10 Tota
Page 144 and 145: Biodiversity 8 Biodiversity At the
Page 146 and 147: Biodiversity The geographic scope o
Page 148 and 149: Biodiversity Recognising that not a
Page 150 and 151: Biodiversity Figure 8.1 Number of m
Page 152 and 153: Biodiversity Figure 8.3 Habitats in
Page 154 and 155: Biodiversity For each habitat type,
Page 156 and 157: Biodiversity Box 8.2 Alien plants i
Page 158 and 159: Biodiversity Box 8.3 Climate change
Page 160 and 161: Biodiversity The pattern of success
Page 162 and 163: Biodiversity Box 8.4 Recent changes
Page 164 and 165: Protected areas Box 9.1 Sharr Mount
Page 166 and 167: Protected areas 9.1 Natura 2000 sit
Page 168 and 169: Protected areas Table 9.1 Area of N
Page 170 and 171: Protected areas the mountains of th
Page 172 and 173: Protected areas Figure 9.3 Distribu
Page 174 and 175: Protected areas Figure 9.7 Distribu
Page 176 and 177: Protected areas Figure 9.10 Changes
Page 178 and 179: Protected areas Box 9.3 Land use de
Page 180 and 181: Protected areas Figure 9.12 Percent
Page 182 and 183: Protected areas Box 9.4 Kaçkar Mou
Page 184 and 185: Protected areas Table 9.7 Area of n
Page 186 and 187: Protected areas scale. Overlaps are
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Protected areas Box 9.5 Cantabrian
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Integrated approaches to understand
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References References Chapter 1 All
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References European Union, 2010. Pr
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References European Commission, 200
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References Yoshino, M., 2005. Mount
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References World Resources Institut
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References Faggian, P. and Giorgi,
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References Lopez-Moreno, J.I.; Goye
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References Ambrosetti, W. and Barba
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References characteristics of the l
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References Rogora, M., 2007. 'Synch
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References Chapter 7 Aitchison, J.
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References Williamson, T., 2002. Th
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References Lelek, A., 1987. The fre
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References Berthold, P., 2000: Voge
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References years of simulated clima
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References Konstanz, erschienen 199
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References EEA/UNEP, 2004. High nat
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References Innovations in GIS 7. Ta
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Appendix 1 Species Annex Endemic to
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Appendix 2 Appendix 2 Mountain habi
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Appendix 2 Code ( a ) Name Category
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Appendix 2 Code ( a ) Name Category
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TH-AL-10-006-EN-C doi:10.2800/43450
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