Europes ecological backbone.pdf

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The water towers of Europe Figure 6.9 Relative change in river flows between scenario (2071–2100) and reference period (1961–1990) (a) annual river flow and (b) seasonal river flow of three large European rivers (a) (b) Projected river flow 2071–2100 (green line) and the observed river flow 1961–1990 (orange line) 60° 50° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 60° 50° m 3 /s 1 000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 Rhone (Chancy) 90 180 270 360 Calender day 40° m 3 /s 12 000 Danube (Ceatal Izmail) 40° 0 500 0° 1000 1500 km 10° 20° 30° 8 000 Relative change in annual river flow (map) and change in seasonal river flow of three large European rivers between scenario (2071–2100) and reference period (1961–1990) (graph) Change in % + 40 + 20 + 10 + 5 – 5 – 10 – 20 – 40 Reduction Increase Observed river flow 1961–1990 Projected river flow 2071–2100 4 000 0 m 3 /s 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 90 180 270 360 Calender day Guadiana (Pulo do Lobo) 90 180 270 360 Calender day Source: EEA/JRC/WHO, 2008. 106 Europe's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountains
The water towers of Europe drought year of 1976. This effect is accentuated by slow-flowing river water, which does not maintain a balanced exchange with atmospheric oxygen (Spreafico and Weingartner, 2005). Heatwaves since 2003 have dried up several springs in Savoy, threatening cattle farming productivity in the region (de Jong et al., 2008). Whereas local water supply from springs was formerly sufficient for local populations, some regions of Savoy are now primarily experiencing water demand problems, exacerbated by a combination of supply limitation due to community expansion, influx of tourists and climate change impacts (EEA, 2009a). 6.7 Future challenges and opportunities It is globally recognised that sustainable and appropriate solutions for water resources must jointly consider both mountain regions and the lowland regions, which are dependent on their good management. The contrasting conditions upstream and downstream need to be addressed, as well as the different demands of rural and urban areas and sectors such as agriculture, industry and domestic supply (Mountain Agenda, 2000). Climate change may worsen current water resource issues and lead to increased risk of conflicts between users both in the Alpine region (particularly the south) and outside the Alps where the incidence of droughts is likely to increase (EEA, 2009a). The International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine and International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River are critical in this regard. Recent extreme events, such as the heatwave of 2003, have 'raised national and community awareness of the need to develop adaptation strategies' (EEA, 2009a). Human pressures are at the point where the aquatic systems of the continent can no longer be viewed as being controlled by natural processes only (Meybeck, 2003). Consequently, future management of river systems should consider longterm anthropogenic impacts on the hydrological system, such as river damming, large-scale water transfers and expanding irrigation, as these all result in a general decrease of river flow quantities, coupled with increasing water quality problems (Weingartner et al., 2007). and active communication is fundamental when addressing uncertainty, requiring substantial cooperation between scientists, policy-makers and stakeholders. Forthcoming challenges include how to embed climate change adaptation into the management of water resources. Despite remaining uncertainties regarding the extent of changes to precipitation levels in specific locations, enough is known to start taking action (EEA, 2009a). So far, only a few countries have overall national policy frameworks in place on climate change adaptation. In the water sector, initiatives include: long-term planning and policy-oriented research; institutional development; technical investments; spatial planning and regulatory measures; flood defence and management in response to observed trends; coastal defence; and management of water scarcity. Management plans need to consider existing or potential conflict over water resources and their usage in relation to rivers and lakes both upstream and downstream, and conflicts in the same place among different users or over time between uses (e.g. between fishing and recreation, or biodiversity) (Kennedy et al., 2009). Consequently, appropriate and timely inclusion of relevant stakeholders is an important consideration. Basin-wide scenarios and projections of water resource availability are useful tools for identifying potential future conflicts and supporting joint decision-making (EEA, 2009a; Gooch and Stålnacke, 2010; Box 6.7). Unfortunately, knowledge transfer from national to regional level is often disconnected, and improvements need to be made to regional adaptation processes, as the sharing of information Europe's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountains 107
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EEA Report No 6/2010 Europe's ecolo
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Cover design: EEA Cover photo © Ca
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Contents 7 Land cover and uses.....
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Acknowledgements Box 1.5: Maja Vasi
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Acknowledgements Chapter 8 Mountain
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Executive summary general, populati
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Executive summary Among all Europe'
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Introduction and background Interna
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Introduction and background same co
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Introduction and background instrum
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Introduction and background coopera
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Introduction and background instrum
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Introduction and background Box 1.4
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Introduction and background made. W
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Introduction and background Map 1.2
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Introduction and background require
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Introduction and background Map 1.3
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Mountain people: status and trends
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Mountain economies and accessibilit
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Page 58 and 59: Mountain economies and accessibilit
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Page 62 and 63: Ecosystem services from Europe's mo
Page 76 and 77: Climate change and Europe's mountai
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Page 106 and 107: The water towers of Europe (Livings
Page 112 and 113: Land cover and uses 7 Land cover an
Page 114 and 115: Land cover and uses Map 7.2 Dominan
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Page 118 and 119: Land cover and uses Figure 7.3 Land
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Page 128 and 129: Land cover and uses Box 7.3 Land re
Page 130 and 131: Land cover and uses Box 7.4 Land-us
Page 132 and 133: Land cover and uses Figure 7.11 Con
Page 134 and 135: Land cover and uses country before
Page 136 and 137: Land cover and uses Table 7.8 Natio
Page 138 and 139: Land cover and uses Map 7.6 Area cl
Page 140 and 141: Land cover and uses Box 7.6 Identif
Page 142 and 143: Land cover and uses Table 7.10 Tota
Page 144 and 145: Biodiversity 8 Biodiversity At the
Page 146 and 147: Biodiversity The geographic scope o
Page 148 and 149: Biodiversity Recognising that not a
Page 150 and 151: Biodiversity Figure 8.1 Number of m
Page 152 and 153: Biodiversity Figure 8.3 Habitats in
Page 154 and 155: Biodiversity For each habitat type,
Page 156 and 157: Biodiversity Box 8.2 Alien plants i
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Biodiversity Box 8.3 Climate change
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Biodiversity The pattern of success
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Biodiversity Box 8.4 Recent changes
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Protected areas Box 9.1 Sharr Mount
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Protected areas 9.1 Natura 2000 sit
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Protected areas Table 9.1 Area of N
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Protected areas the mountains of th
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Protected areas Figure 9.3 Distribu
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Protected areas Figure 9.7 Distribu
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Protected areas Figure 9.10 Changes
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Protected areas Box 9.3 Land use de
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Protected areas Figure 9.12 Percent
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Protected areas Box 9.4 Kaçkar Mou
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Protected areas Table 9.7 Area of n
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Protected areas scale. Overlaps are
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Protected areas Box 9.5 Cantabrian
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Integrated approaches to understand
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References References Chapter 1 All
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References European Union, 2010. Pr
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References European Commission, 200
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References Yoshino, M., 2005. Mount
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References World Resources Institut
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References Faggian, P. and Giorgi,
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References Lopez-Moreno, J.I.; Goye
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References Ambrosetti, W. and Barba
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References characteristics of the l
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References Rogora, M., 2007. 'Synch
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References Chapter 7 Aitchison, J.
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References Williamson, T., 2002. Th
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References Lelek, A., 1987. The fre
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References Berthold, P., 2000: Voge
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References years of simulated clima
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References Konstanz, erschienen 199
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References EEA/UNEP, 2004. High nat
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References Innovations in GIS 7. Ta
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Appendix 1 Species Annex Endemic to
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Appendix 2 Appendix 2 Mountain habi
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Appendix 2 Code ( a ) Name Category
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Appendix 2 Code ( a ) Name Category
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TH-AL-10-006-EN-C doi:10.2800/43450
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