Europes ecological backbone.pdf

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The water towers of Europe Figure 6.7 Annual and cumulative cost of damage caused by floods/inundation, debris flows, landslides and rockfalls for 1972 to 2007, as well as the total costs of the six major flood events indicated by short horizontal lines and date Annual cost of damage (million EUR) Cumulative cost of damage (million EUR) 2 000 10 000 1 800 ____ 21–22 August 9 000 1 600 8 000 1 400 7 000 1 200 6 000 1 000 5 000 800 600 7–8 August ____ 24–25 August ____ 4 000 3 000 400 200 0 Note: 1972 1973 1974 Cumulative cost 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Annual cost caused by: 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 24 September ____ 11–15/20–22 May Flood/inundation 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Debris flow Landslide Rockfall (since 2002) ____ ____ 14–15 October The p-value for the total cost of damage is 0.29, which indicates there is no statistically significant trend in the data. Source: Hilker et al., 2009, p. 916. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2 000 1 000 0 and the Netherlands, enabling flood forecasts and warnings for the Rhine, its tributaries and for the major Swiss lakes within the basin; (ii) on the highly modified river Rhône which has many diversions, reservoirs and power plants, a forecasting and flood management system (MINERVE) is being developed (EEA, 2007). In such schemes, accurate prediction and monitoring of water coming from upstream mountain catchments, as well as better coordination and information exchange, are essential. 6.5 Climate change and impact on water temperature and ice cover 6.5.1 Increasing water temperature in rivers Generally, there is a strong correlation between air and water temperature (EEA, 2008). In addition to climate warming, flow regulation and cooling water from thermal power plants increase river temperature in larger rivers, while deforestation can have a strong impact on the heat balance of smaller streams. The surface temperatures of some major rivers have increased by 1–3 °C over the past century; shorter time series of 30 to 50 years show increases of 0.05–0.8 °C per decade. It is projected that climate change will result in increases in river temperature of 50 % to 70 % of projected air temperatures (EEA, 2008). 6.5.2 Implications of increasing lake temperature For Northern European lakes, the most important climatic effects which have been experienced are the increased length of ice-free periods (Weyhenmeyer et al., 1999; 2005). For Western European lakes, increased winter rainfall (George et al., 2004) and 102 Europe's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountains
The water towers of Europe changes to the frequency of calm summer days are more significant (George et al., 2007; George, 2010). Annual mean deepwater (hypolimnetic) temperature data spanning 20 to 50 years, taken from 12 deep lakes across Europe, show a 'high degree of coherence among lakes, particularly within geographic regions', with temperatures varying between years but increasing consistently in all lakes by about 0.1–0.2 °C per decade (Dokulil et al., 2006) (Figure 6.8). However, there are two exceptions, both of which are remote, less wind‐exposed alpine valley lakes: '[i]n four of the deepest lakes, the climate signal fades with depth. The projected hypolimnetic temperature increase of approximately 1 °C in 100 years seems small. Effects on mixing conditions, thermal stability, or the replenishment of oxygen to deep waters result in accumulation of nutrients, which in turn will affect the trophic status and the food web' (Dokulil et al., 2006, p. 2787). Since 1950, water temperatures in some rivers and lake surface waters in Switzerland have increased by more than 2 °C (BUWAL, 2004; Hari et al., 2006). In the large lakes in the Alps, the water temperature has generally increased by 0.1–0.3 °C per decade (EEA, 2008): Lake Maggiore and other large Italian lakes (Ambrosetti and Barbanti, 1999), Lake Zürich Figure 6.8 Time series and regression lines for annual average deepwater temperatures 7 A) Windermere NB B) Lake Geneva C) Zürichsee D) Walensee 6 5 4 3 year Q1 100m 200m 300m 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1985 1990 1995 2000 1985 1990 1995 2000 60m 100m 130m 60m 100m 140m Hypolimnetic temperature ( o C) 7 6 5 4 3 E) Lake Constance F) Ammersee G) Lake Vänern H) Lake Vättern 100m 60m 60m 200m 70m 250m 80m 50m 70m 115m 1970 1980 1990 2000 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 I) Hallstätter See J) Traunsee K) Mondsee L) Attersee 5 80m 100m 120m 40m 50m 60m 100m 120m 160m 100m 140m 190m 4 1970 1980 1990 2000 1970 1980 1990 2000 1970 1980 1990 2000 1970 1980 1990 2000 Note: (A) Windermere North Basin 60 m and the first 10-week period (Q1), (B) Lake Geneva, (C) Zürichsee, (D) Walensee, (E) Lake Constance, (F) Ammersee, (G) Lake Vänern, (H) Lake Vättern, (I) Hallstättersee, (J) Traunsee, (K) Mondsee, and (L) Attersee for the depths indicated . T-increase in all lakes was 0.1–0.2 °C/decade. Source: Dokulil et al., 2006. Europe's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountains 103
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EEA Report No 6/2010 Europe's ecolo
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Cover design: EEA Cover photo © Ca
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Contents 7 Land cover and uses.....
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Acknowledgements Box 1.5: Maja Vasi
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Acknowledgements Chapter 8 Mountain
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Executive summary general, populati
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Executive summary Among all Europe'
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Introduction and background Interna
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Introduction and background same co
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Introduction and background instrum
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Introduction and background coopera
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Introduction and background instrum
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Introduction and background Box 1.4
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Introduction and background made. W
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Introduction and background Map 1.2
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Introduction and background require
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Introduction and background Map 1.3
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Mountain people: status and trends
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Mountain economies and accessibilit
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Page 54 and 55: Mountain economies and accessibilit
Page 62 and 63: Ecosystem services from Europe's mo
Page 76 and 77: Climate change and Europe's mountai
Page 88 and 89: The water towers of Europe lowland
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Page 106 and 107: The water towers of Europe (Livings
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Page 112 and 113: Land cover and uses 7 Land cover an
Page 114 and 115: Land cover and uses Map 7.2 Dominan
Page 116 and 117: Land cover and uses Table 7.1 Distr
Page 118 and 119: Land cover and uses Figure 7.3 Land
Page 120 and 121: Land cover and uses Table 7.2 Chang
Page 122 and 123: Land cover and uses Box 7.1 Land us
Page 124 and 125: Land cover and uses Box 7.1 Land us
Page 126 and 127: Land cover and uses Figure 7.7 Aver
Page 128 and 129: Land cover and uses Box 7.3 Land re
Page 130 and 131: Land cover and uses Box 7.4 Land-us
Page 132 and 133: Land cover and uses Figure 7.11 Con
Page 134 and 135: Land cover and uses country before
Page 136 and 137: Land cover and uses Table 7.8 Natio
Page 138 and 139: Land cover and uses Map 7.6 Area cl
Page 140 and 141: Land cover and uses Box 7.6 Identif
Page 142 and 143: Land cover and uses Table 7.10 Tota
Page 144 and 145: Biodiversity 8 Biodiversity At the
Page 146 and 147: Biodiversity The geographic scope o
Page 148 and 149: Biodiversity Recognising that not a
Page 150 and 151: Biodiversity Figure 8.1 Number of m
Page 152 and 153: Biodiversity Figure 8.3 Habitats in
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Biodiversity For each habitat type,
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Biodiversity Box 8.2 Alien plants i
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Biodiversity Box 8.3 Climate change
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Biodiversity The pattern of success
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Biodiversity Box 8.4 Recent changes
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Protected areas Box 9.1 Sharr Mount
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Protected areas 9.1 Natura 2000 sit
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Protected areas Table 9.1 Area of N
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Protected areas the mountains of th
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Protected areas Figure 9.3 Distribu
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Protected areas Figure 9.7 Distribu
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Protected areas Figure 9.10 Changes
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Protected areas Box 9.3 Land use de
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Protected areas Figure 9.12 Percent
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Protected areas Box 9.4 Kaçkar Mou
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Protected areas Table 9.7 Area of n
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Protected areas scale. Overlaps are
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Protected areas Box 9.5 Cantabrian
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Integrated approaches to understand
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References References Chapter 1 All
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References European Union, 2010. Pr
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References European Commission, 200
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References Yoshino, M., 2005. Mount
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References World Resources Institut
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References Faggian, P. and Giorgi,
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References Lopez-Moreno, J.I.; Goye
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References Ambrosetti, W. and Barba
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References characteristics of the l
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References Rogora, M., 2007. 'Synch
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References Chapter 7 Aitchison, J.
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References Williamson, T., 2002. Th
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References Lelek, A., 1987. The fre
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References Berthold, P., 2000: Voge
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References years of simulated clima
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References Konstanz, erschienen 199
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References EEA/UNEP, 2004. High nat
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References Innovations in GIS 7. Ta
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Appendix 1 Species Annex Endemic to
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Appendix 2 Appendix 2 Mountain habi
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Appendix 2 Code ( a ) Name Category
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Appendix 2 Code ( a ) Name Category
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TH-AL-10-006-EN-C doi:10.2800/43450
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