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3.5 Legend to threatened and endangered species of flora and fauna
The IUCN redlist updated in 2002 of endangered species and CITES Appendices were used to
estalish the conservation status of plants and animals:
Legend to the IUCN status of Threatened Species of Flora and Fauna (for details see http://www.redlist.org)
Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction
in the wild in the immediate future (These are defined under criteria A-E)
Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of
extinction in the wild in the near future (These are defined under criteria A-E)
Vulnerable (VU): A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk
of extinction in the wild in the medium-term (These are defined by criteria A-E)
Lower Risk (LR): A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated, does not satisfy the criteria for any of the
categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa included in the Lower Risk cane be separated into
three sub-categories:
1. Conservation Dependent (cd)
2. Near Threatened (nt)
3. Least Concern (lc)
Data Deficient (DD): A taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect
assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status.
Not Evaluated (NE): A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been assessed against the criteria.
Explanation of CITES Appendices
CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to certain controls. These require that
all import, export, re-export and introduction from the sea of species covered by the Convention has to be authorized
through a licensing system.
The species covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices, according to the degree of protection they need. (for
additional information see CITES Species or http://www.cites.org)
• Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted
only in exceptional circumstances
• Appendix II includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be
controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival
• Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES
Parties for assistance in controlling the trade
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