serikali ya mapinduzi zanzibar care tanzania and department

oth contributes 26.67 % and Shallow waters and coral reefs contributes 25.6% and
18.9 % respectively. Other remaining fishing grounds in totality contribute 28.83%.
4.2.12.7 Threats to fisheries resources
Marine biodiversity threats are divided into two aspects: proximate threats and root
causes.
Proximate threats
The main human activities that damage marine organisms and ecosystems include:
over exploitation, physical alterations and habitat loss, pollution, introduction of alien
species and global climate changes.
Root causes
The main causes of biodiversity loss lie in demographic pressure and unsuitable use of
natural resources; economic policies that fail to value the environment and its
resources, insufficient knowledge and its poor application, and weakness in legal and
institutional systems (Dugan, 1990; WRI/IUCN/UNEP, 1992).
4.2.12.8 Fisheries conservation
Management of fisheries in Zanzibar, as in other developing countries has been
problematic. The reason for such problems is due to the fact that management
objectives are not defined:
• The open-access nature of the fisheries, the shortage of alternative
employment opportunities to the fishers and the poor economy could
constrain the effort tailored to manage fisheries
• Fisheries management plans in general do not exist; instead short time
approaches are used in attempts to manage fisheries resources.
4.2.3 Invertebrates (Lepidopterans and Odonata)
Collection revealed a rich invertebrate fauna (477 individuals) as follows: A total of
134 Butterflies were collected. These belonged to 35 species from eight families.
Light trap and sweeping produced 195 moths belonging to 13 families. Lastly, 146
Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) representing nine species from three families
were also collected. Several Odonata were not identified to species level.
A checklist of the butterflies, moths and Odonata collected during this survey is given
below. The number of individuals of the three groups from each transect is presented
in Appendix 8a, 8b and 8c. Transect 3 had a significantly low abundance of butterflies
and moths compared to the others. The highest abundance of butterflies and moths
was obtained from transect 1 and 6.
The number of singletons among butterflies was 14 species (41.18%), indicating that
the survey was far from being exhaustive. Some species must have been missed
during the survey. This low coverage reflects the short time spent in sampling. The
large number of moths collected during this survey is a result of the effective light
trap that was used.
First records
65