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7 Entandophragma Reported but not encountered in study plots sp. 8 Erythrophloeum same relative density as Bombax rhodognaphalon suaveolens 9 Grevillea robusta Among the exotic species, rare 10 Khaya anthotheca Reported as introduced but not encountered in the study plots 11 Maesopsis eminii Exotic, vigorous invader and spread fast 12 Mangroves For building poles mainly but may soon be used for charcoal production 13 Manilkara sansibarensis Timber tree, resistant to water and tear, thus for dhow-building according to Beentje 1994 14 Quassia undulata Perishable wood 15 Oxystigma sp. Said to occur in Pemba coast near Ngezi and Rau in Moshi for plywood and canoe 16 Pterocarpus Boundary marker, may be a timber tree indicus 17 Syzygium Not widely used except for shuttering boxes guineense 18 Tamarindus indica Charcoal, boat-building, turnery and furniture 19 Vitex doniana Low grade timber, locally for boxes, oats and cheap furniture Mushrooms There are no collections of mushrooms from Pemba Island. The only records of mushroom collections are from Zanzibar Island (Pergler 1977). The collectors quoted by Pergler include Berkeley (1974), Wheeler (1955) and Faulkner (1962). Even these collections do not indicate whether or not came from forests. Apart from the edible mushrooms like Pleurotus spp. in general they also play an important role in forest ecology. Where forest tree would not survive without fungi in conjunction with other soil microorganisms fungi decompose forest tree litter, tree trunks and fallen logs facilitating the accumulated nutrients to be released and become available as plant food. These fungi are saprophytes. Fungi are also important mycorrhizal partners with trees where they are useful for water and mineral uptake; an association very essential especially in forest areas with poor laterite soils. This is true where trees are felled and the fungi stays alive; so helping stump roots to draw mineral food and water from the surroundings. Such partinership is called symbiosis. The association is quite common in Miombo woodland. Some fungi grow as parasites on trees. The fungus Armillaria mellea causes disease to forest trees. There are many others, which cause harm to several parts of plants; some however plays part in the ripening of fruits. List of mushroom species collected in Ngezi forest is shown in Table 4.7b below (Plates 11 – 21). 4.1.5 Plant species diversity Variables used in the ecological evaluation are many. Some of these include the number of species, species composition and the proportional abundance of species. In Appendix 1b relative densities and relative frequencies are used to predict the abundance and rarities of individual species. Many natural exploited species are being pushed towards the brink of extinction. Many of the endangered species are rare (though not all the rare species are endangered). Abundance refers to the high 31
intensity within an inhabitated area. In trees in Appendix 1b Chrysalidocarpus pendanus is very dominant (intensive) and widespread (frequent) with relative density 23.03%, and relative frequency 5.26%. This is followed by Quassia undulata, Antiaris toxicaria and Pouteria brevipes. Two species Pouteria brevipes and Elaeis quineensis are most widespread (RF 7.89% each). The two species Pouteria brevipes and Elaeis quineensis are broad riched (generalists) with wide range in moist forests. Rare species have a narrow range of relative density and frequency, and also their local populations are small (low intensity). Some conservationists support the protection of rare species. However, protection of this nature may lead to fragmentation of the reserve. 4.1.6 Medicinal Plants Medicinal plants have been used to cure diseases traditionally because medical services could not be afforded in rural areas. Collection of medicinal plants is destructive because it involves, bark stripping of both stems and roots apart from leaves. This results in the deaths of the intended trees thus disturbing the ecosystem. Some plant species occurring in Ngezi Forest Reserve have been chemically investigated and contain biologically active compounds as it is shown in Table 4.7a and 7b below: Table 4.7a: Some plant species with medicinal values in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba (Sources: Chhabra et al. 1987; Nkunya et al. 1990a, 1990b) Species Active agents/actions Information source Annona senegalensis Antiaris toxicaria Dracaena deremensis Lannea schweinfurthii Maytenus senegalensis Rauvolfia mombasiana Scadoxus multiflorus Bark and root bark contain deterpenes. Extracts show antimicrobial and antitumour actions in vitro Small doses of dried latex may be stimulant to heart. Very toxic in large quantities Chhabra et al. (1987 Oliver Bever (1986) Show antimicrobial activity Chhabra and Uiso (1991) Antibacterial activity Chhabra et al. (1987 Extract show antimicrobial activity Reserpine and desrpidine root extracts produce hypotension and counteracts effects of adrenaline also remedy for malaria (Beentje 1994) Bulb contains alkaloid lycorine, chlidanthine, haemonthidine, hyppeastrine and haemultine Contain alkaloids. Roots to treat skin disease Chhabra and Uiso (1991) Chhabra et al. (1987) Chhabra et al. (1987 Schizozygia Beentje (1994) coffaeoides Species Active agents/actions Information source Uvaria acuminata Uvaricin and desacytluvaricin Chhabra et al. (1987) shupantitumour and antibacterial actions 32
Page 1 and 2: SERIKALI YA MAPINDUZI ZANZIBAR CARE
Page 3 and 4: 4.1.2.7 Fresh water swamp forest…
Page 5 and 6: Zanzibar………………………
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements We would like to t
Page 9 and 10: including Connarus sp.nov., Chrysol
Page 11 and 12: prepared. Conservation programmes w
Page 13 and 14: His advance from hominid origins ha
Page 15 and 16: ♦ During 1957, an Indian merchant
Page 17 and 18: The area of Ngezi - Vumawimbi fores
Page 19 and 20: ancestors in the mountain heathland
Page 21 and 22: to be established. Vegetation types
Page 23 and 24: using the expression: H' max = logk
Page 25 and 26: each day during trap inspection. Tr
Page 27 and 28: 3.5 Legend to threatened and endang
Page 29 and 30: overlying coral limestone 7. Fresh
Page 31 and 32: 2 Coastal evergreen Dry forest on s
Page 33 and 34: Drypetes natalensis (5m), Rauvolfia
Page 35 and 36: Albizia adiantifolia (25m), Erythro
Page 37 and 38: This vegetation type represents pub
Page 39 and 40: Number of stems 180 160 140 120 100
Page 41: of various species forms the basis
Page 45 and 46: Sorindeia madagascariensis Suregada
Page 47 and 48: forest reserve also ranks higher in
Page 49 and 50: Orchidaceae Calanthe sylvatica (Tho
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.9: Endemic species of the Z
Page 53 and 54: prone to decimation from harvesting
Page 55 and 56: Some species have beeen introduced
Page 57 and 58: 35 30 30 Number of animals 25 20 15
Page 59 and 60: in the forest and inhabitated areas
Page 61 and 62: viruses. Recent work has pointed to
Page 63 and 64: individuals who do not leave the ro
Page 65 and 66: Table 4.13: Relative abundance of s
Page 67 and 68: 4.2.6 Birds Bird survey on Pemba wa
Page 69 and 70: Mabuya albotaeniata Pemba Island Sk
Page 71 and 72: created land bridges or shallow con
Page 73 and 74: also expected to occur in shallow w
Page 75 and 76: survey most of catch records shows
Page 77 and 78: A number of butterflies (11 species
Page 79 and 80: n = 200 % of 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 18
Page 81 and 82: poachers. They said, some people we
Page 83 and 84: 4.4.5 Threats to biodiversity Some
Page 85 and 86: From the declared information it ap
Page 87 and 88: 6.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOUR
Page 89 and 90: medicinal plants are other activiti
Page 91 and 92: Group Species Threats Protected Enc
Page 93 and 94:
useful fuel wood supplies the gover
Page 95 and 96:
windbreak, provide shade and could
Page 97 and 98:
Archer, A. L. and Mwinyi, A. A. (19
Page 99 and 100:
FAO (1984d) Species Identification
Page 101 and 102:
Migdoll, I. (1987) Field Guide to t
Page 103 and 104:
Smith, J. & Scherr, S.J. (2002) For
Page 105 and 106:
TERMS OF REFERENCE Outputs of the c
Page 107 and 108:
Ganoderma sp.2 Stipulate young frui
Page 109 and 110:
Lomariopsidaceae Lomariopsis warnek
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schumannianum) records also in Tanz
Page 113 and 114:
GUTTIFERAE Calophyllum inophyllum L
Page 115 and 116:
Ficus sur Forssk. [F.capensis] Mkuy
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Species name Vern. Name Notes Refer
Page 119 and 120:
nov. COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffus
Page 121 and 122:
Appendix 1b: Relative densities and
Page 123 and 124:
Rawsonia lucida 3.33 5.56 Allophylu
Page 125 and 126:
Chrysalidocarpus pembanus 16.53 5.1
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Appendix 2: Reported plant species
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FREQUENCY OF USE FREQUENCY OF TISSU
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Family/Species Cercopithecidae Comm
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Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk x
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APODIDAE Cypsiurus parvus Palm Swif
Page 137 and 138:
Lonchura bicolor Black & White Mann
Page 139 and 140:
Appendix 6: A checklist of amphibia
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Lobster Palinuridae Palinurus delag
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Appendix 8a: Butterflies sampled in
Page 145 and 146:
Appendix 8c: Odonata sampled in six
Page 147 and 148:
Appendic 9b: Checklist of Odonata (
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