serikali ya mapinduzi zanzibar care tanzania and department

4.1.2.7 Fresh water swamp forest………………………………... 25
4.1.2.8 Fragmented Remnants…………………………………… 26
4.1.2.9 Erica Vegetation…………………………………………. 27
4.1.2.10 Mangrove Thickets……………………………………... 27
4.1.2.11 Fresh water swamp in open land……………………….. 28
4.1.2.12 Rice field landscape and other crops fields…………….. 28
4.1.3 Indicator species and criteria to diagnose ecological condition.. 28
4.1.4 Evaluation of plant biological resources………………………. 32
4.1.5 Plant species diversity…………………………………………. 34
4.1.6 Medicinal Plants………………………………………………. 34
4.1.7 Conservation values of the forest……………………………… 36
4.1.8 Conservation Status of the forest……………………………… 37
4.1.9 Endemic, endangered and introduced plant species…………... 40
4.2 Fauna……………………………………………………………….. 44
4.2.1 Mammal occurrence and distribution…………………………. 44
4.2.2 Relative abundance of animals………………………………... 52
4.2.3 Animal species richness and diversity………………………… 53
4.2.4 Important habitats for animals………………………………… 53
4.2.5 Animal movement and migration……………………………... 54
4.2.6 Birds…………………………………………………………… 54
4.2 7 Reptiles………………………………………………………... 55
4.2.8 Amphibians……………………………………………………. 55
4.2.9 Endemic species of animals…………………………………… 56
4.2.10 Threatened and endangered animal species………………….. 57
4.2.11 Introduced species of animals………………………………... 58
4.2.12 Fish…………………………………………………………… 59
4.2.12.1 Fisheries resources……………………………………… 59
4.2.12.2 Fish species occurrence, endemism and diversity in
Ngezi……………………………………………………. 59
4.2.12.3 Fish movement and migration……………………….…. 60
4.2.12.4 Fish habitats and spawning areas…………………….…. 60
4.2.12.5 Threatened species of fish (IUCN threat categories)…… 61
4.2.12.6 Fishing and fish production…………………………….. 62
4.2.12.7 Threats to fisheries resources…………………………… 63
4.2.12.8 Fisheries conservation………………………………….. 63
4.2.3 Invertebrates (Lepidopterans and Odonata)…………………... 63
4.4 Socio-economic Survey…………………………………………….. 65
4.4.1 Demographic characteristics………………………………….. 65
4.4.2 Crops grown…………………………………………………... 66
4.4.3 Livestock keeping…………………………………………….. 67
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4.4.4 Resources utilization………………………………………….. 67
4.4.5 Threats to biodiversity………………………………………... 69
4.4.6 Future management of Ngezi Forest Reserve………………… 70
4.4.7 Socio economic recommendations…………………………… 72
6.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND THEIR
CONSERVATION VALUE………………………………………………... 74
7.0 POTENTIAL THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY……………………….. 74
8.0 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………….. 78
9.0 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………. 83
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