serikali ya mapinduzi zanzibar care tanzania and department

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status, which would be beneficial for both the environment and the surrounding community and which will further contribute to the national GDP. The fact that human population around the area is increasing at a high rate is an important factor to prove the area’s need for a more strict protection. Conservation education and capacity building A large percentage of the people living in and around Ngezi forest are poor, there is a need for effective grassroots community developments to help this community. This should run over the long term in order to impact on poverty alleviation and to realise sustainable development through income diversification and livelihood security. Most people living in and around Ngezi are illiterate; therefore appropriately targeted education could be an important component of future community development activities. Use of video shows/cinemas and study tours on the importance of forests and conservation organised to all villages around the area could be the best way in imparting knowledge to the community around Ngezi forest. Need for revision The suggestions put forward by Khatibu and Suleiman, (1993) and Harkonen and Seitz (1993) concerning total exclusion of the locals from any utilisation of Ngezi forest were reasonable, but one should consider this, over 75% of people around the Ngezi forest appears dependent on it for firewood, food or building materials. As seen the forest is diminishing as a result of illegal utilisation, encroachment or sabotage. Now, what is to be done? Keep excluding them for more destruction or devolving powers to them through a collaborative forest management? 75
6.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND THEIR CONSERVATION VALUE Although in terms of biodiversity Pemba and Zanzibar may not be as rich as the coastal forests (Frontier, 1995) and Eastern arc mountains on the mainland most of the species in Pemba are isolated from the mainland populations. Some are endemic or near endemic and others are races of their congeners on the mainland. Others are threatened or endangered. All these species need to be protected and some of them may need special attention and conservation programmes. Apart from maintaining biological diveristy, plant resources at species and community level are important in many respects ranging from life support systems, climate control, ecological processes and as wildlife habitats. A number of animal species are, like the plants, endemic or near endemic and there are also species which are threatened or endangered. Animal resources contribute to the biological diversity and also help to boost tourism. Most of the species are threatened by exploitation, habitat loss, fragmentation and pollution. Species designated endemic or near endemic and threatened need appropriate conservation programmes. Apart from their aesthetic value, the lepidopterans (Butterflies and Moths) and Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) are important as they form a large section of the natural ecosystem in terms of number of individuals and species richness. They are also important in maintaining the health of the ecosystem by controlling vegetation through their herbivory and pollination activities (lepidopterans), and by checking the population growth of other invertebrates through predation (Odonata). In addition to the above, the two groups are useful as indicators of the health of the ecosystem. They also form an important part of the food chain as a source of food to many species of other animals. 7.0 POTENTIAL THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Nahonyo et al., (2002) reported that in the past traditional systems of land and resource use caused some damage to habitat and biodiversity but probably regeneration occurred as long as population levels were low. Human activities placed relatively little pressure on the available land resources. Also certain cultural norms helped to ensure sustainable use of resources. Rapidly growing human populations and associated socio-economic and political issues, and probably climatic changes associated with greenhouse effects all together or individually have contributed towards ecological instability. In the Eastern Arc Mountains the immediate threats to biodiversity were identified as deforestation, forest fragmentation, forest degradation, over-exploitation of species, and the introduction of exotic species (Newmark, 2002). The situation in Ngezi - Vumawimbi is similar to that found in the Eastern Arc Mountains on the mainland. From the observations done in the field, interviews and documented literature the following were identified as threats to Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves biological diversity: i. Human population pressure Humans are a major cause of biodiversity loss in coastal ecosystems (Martens, 1992). Pemba is experiencing a fast growing population (annual population growth rate r = 0.03). Ngezi - Vumawimbi forests are important source of fuelwood, charcoal, 76
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SERIKALI YA MAPINDUZI ZANZIBAR CARE
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4.1.2.7 Fresh water swamp forest…
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Zanzibar………………………
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Acknowledgements We would like to t
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including Connarus sp.nov., Chrysol
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prepared. Conservation programmes w
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His advance from hominid origins ha
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♦ During 1957, an Indian merchant
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The area of Ngezi - Vumawimbi fores
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ancestors in the mountain heathland
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to be established. Vegetation types
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using the expression: H' max = logk
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each day during trap inspection. Tr
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3.5 Legend to threatened and endang
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overlying coral limestone 7. Fresh
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2 Coastal evergreen Dry forest on s
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Drypetes natalensis (5m), Rauvolfia
Page 35 and 36: Albizia adiantifolia (25m), Erythro
Page 37 and 38: This vegetation type represents pub
Page 39 and 40: Number of stems 180 160 140 120 100
Page 41 and 42: of various species forms the basis
Page 43 and 44: intensity within an inhabitated are
Page 45 and 46: Sorindeia madagascariensis Suregada
Page 47 and 48: forest reserve also ranks higher in
Page 49 and 50: Orchidaceae Calanthe sylvatica (Tho
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.9: Endemic species of the Z
Page 53 and 54: prone to decimation from harvesting
Page 55 and 56: Some species have beeen introduced
Page 57 and 58: 35 30 30 Number of animals 25 20 15
Page 59 and 60: in the forest and inhabitated areas
Page 61 and 62: viruses. Recent work has pointed to
Page 63 and 64: individuals who do not leave the ro
Page 65 and 66: Table 4.13: Relative abundance of s
Page 67 and 68: 4.2.6 Birds Bird survey on Pemba wa
Page 69 and 70: Mabuya albotaeniata Pemba Island Sk
Page 71 and 72: created land bridges or shallow con
Page 73 and 74: also expected to occur in shallow w
Page 75 and 76: survey most of catch records shows
Page 77 and 78: A number of butterflies (11 species
Page 79 and 80: n = 200 % of 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 18
Page 81 and 82: poachers. They said, some people we
Page 83 and 84: 4.4.5 Threats to biodiversity Some
Page 85: From the declared information it ap
Page 89 and 90: medicinal plants are other activiti
Page 91 and 92: Group Species Threats Protected Enc
Page 93 and 94: useful fuel wood supplies the gover
Page 95 and 96: windbreak, provide shade and could
Page 97 and 98: Archer, A. L. and Mwinyi, A. A. (19
Page 99 and 100: FAO (1984d) Species Identification
Page 101 and 102: Migdoll, I. (1987) Field Guide to t
Page 103 and 104: Smith, J. & Scherr, S.J. (2002) For
Page 105 and 106: TERMS OF REFERENCE Outputs of the c
Page 107 and 108: Ganoderma sp.2 Stipulate young frui
Page 109 and 110: Lomariopsidaceae Lomariopsis warnek
Page 111 and 112: schumannianum) records also in Tanz
Page 113 and 114: GUTTIFERAE Calophyllum inophyllum L
Page 115 and 116: Ficus sur Forssk. [F.capensis] Mkuy
Page 117 and 118: Species name Vern. Name Notes Refer
Page 119 and 120: nov. COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffus
Page 121 and 122: Appendix 1b: Relative densities and
Page 123 and 124: Rawsonia lucida 3.33 5.56 Allophylu
Page 125 and 126: Chrysalidocarpus pembanus 16.53 5.1
Page 127 and 128: Appendix 2: Reported plant species
Page 129 and 130: FREQUENCY OF USE FREQUENCY OF TISSU
Page 131 and 132: Family/Species Cercopithecidae Comm
Page 133 and 134: Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk x
Page 135 and 136: APODIDAE Cypsiurus parvus Palm Swif
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Lonchura bicolor Black & White Mann
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Appendix 6: A checklist of amphibia
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Lobster Palinuridae Palinurus delag
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Appendix 8a: Butterflies sampled in
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Appendix 8c: Odonata sampled in six
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Appendic 9b: Checklist of Odonata (
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