serikali ya mapinduzi zanzibar care tanzania and department

A number of butterflies (11 species in total) collected from Ngezi Forest Reserve are
recorded for the first time from Pemba Island. These are indicated by an asterisk (*) in
the checklist.
Endemic species
Four of the collected species are endemic. Acraea egina pembanus is on record as
being endemic to Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990). However we have recorded this
species from Zanzibar Island (Jozani Forest), therefore this species should be treated
as endemic to Pemba and Zanzibar Islands. Three other species, Pseudacraea
boisduvali pemba, Euphaedra neophron rydoni and Bebearia orientis insularis are
endemic to Pemba (Kielland, 1990). The first has been recorded from Ngezi forest
and the last is frequently seen in garden with palm trees nearby (Kielland, 1990).
Forest-dependent species
Twelve of the recorded species are forest-dependent. They are found only in forest
habitats (sometimes in thick woodland also). Among these are Bicyclus campinus,
which feeds on grass species (Gramineae), Amauris niavius dominicus whose larval
food plant is Gymnema sylivestre (Asclepiadaceae), and Euphaedra neophron rydoni
whose food plant has not been recorded. Lachnoptera iole ayresi has been recorded
on Rawsonia usambarensis (Flacourtiaceae) and Vismia orientis (Guttifera). Larvae of
Pseudacraea lucretia feed on several species of family Sapotaceae e.g.
Chrysophyllum viridifolium.
Other invertebrates
Apart from the systematic sampling which included Orders Lepidoptera and Odonata,
other invertebrates were also observed, and some collected on an ad hoc basis. This
opportunistic sampling revealed a rich invertebrate fauna, which included gastropods,
dung beetles, mosquitoes, bees and millipedes, and many dung beeteles were
everyday found trapped in bucket pitfalls. Notable among these are the mangrove
whelk Terebralia palustris (Potamididae), which was abundant in mangrove swamps
near, transect 6. A pond in transect 2 and wetland area near transect 6 harboured,
among others, Bulinus nasutus (Planorbidae). Live individuals and shells of the land
snail Achatina sp. (Achatinidae) were scattered in Ngezi Forest and surrounding areas.
In addition to the above two honeybee colonies were observed at transect 1 and 5 in
Odyndea zimmermanii trees. This tree species is listed in the IUCN Red Data Book as
globally rare. Other invertebrates observed in Ngezi forest and surrounding area
included adult beetles (Scarabaeidae), millipedes (Chilopoda), and mosquitoes
(Culicidae) Culex and Aedes species.
Specific potential threats to invertebrates
Invertebrates generally have a high reproductive potential, and they can survive as
long as their habitats are preserved. The major threat to the biodiversity of this area,
therefore come from habitat destruction.
Butterflies and moths are herbivores as larvae, and they are totally dependent on
specific plant species for their survival. Habitat loss, forest fragmentation and other
human activities that lead to loss of plant biodiversity are, therefore, the greatest threat
to these insects.
66