serikali ya mapinduzi zanzibar care tanzania and department

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humans including Ebola, Marbug, hepatitis A and B, herpes B, SV40 and SIV (Fano et al, nd). This may not be an immediate problem for Ngezi - Vumawimbi area but it is something to be noted and taken seriously due to increasing number of visitors in the area coming from all over the world. ix. Pollution Observations in Ngezi - Vumawimbi forests showed that solid waste from litter is the main source of pollution. Materials like plastics, cans, bottles, papers were often found scattered in many parts of the survey area. The number visitors coming to Ngezi is not very high at the moment hence most of this litter originates from local people passing or utilising the area. x. Small population paradigm (Caughley, 1994) Most of the plant and animal species and communities in Pemba are in terms of numbers small and may also be rare, endemic or near endemic. These populations are isolated from their congeners on the mainland and hence may be subjected to inbreeding. The exception here could be the marine organisms, which are possibly not separated by any barriers from other populations and flying creatures, like bats and birds (Moreau and Pakenham, 1941). Island populations of plants and animals may appear healthy but could be genetically poor. Woody vegetation communities with long generation time mostly tend to exhibit this phenomenon whereby they physiognomically look healthy but are genetically poor (Burgess and Clarke, 2000). Such plant communities eventually suffer from inbreeding depression problems and may become locally extinct. Genetic studies may be necessary to establish the genetic status of some important species so that modern techonologies may be employed to improve the genetic status of the species of interest. xi. Declining population paradigm (Caughley, 1994) Generally island populations have higher extinction rates than continental populations (Moreau and Pakenham, 1941). Since most of these populations are small and may not be viable, the presence of agents resulting in decline in their number often becomes detrimental. Such agents could be over-exploitation or habitat loss and fragmentation or pollution. Animals like blue duiker, wild boar (naturalised) and some plant species could be affected by this problem. These populations are known to be declining and if this trend is not halted or reversed these species are likely to go locally extinct. xii. Tourism The number of tourists visiting Ngezi -Vumawimbi is currently low. However, given the attractiveness of the area and if efforts are done improve the infrastructure and advertise the area there is a high possibility that the number of visitors will increase substantially. Moreover Ngezi is the most important tourist destination in Pemba. There are a number of impacts arising from tourism including cultural, economic and environmental (e.g. pollution, disease transmission). The Ngezi management may use this time to work on aspects like, limits of acceptable use, and acceptable number of visitors, which can visit the area without having serious negative impact on the environment. Table 6.1: Summary of potential threats to biodiversity in Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves, Pemba 79
Group Species Threats Protected Encroachment, vegetation clearing, resources area exploitation, habitat fragmentation Mammals Zanzibar red Hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation colobus Pemba flying fox Hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation, loss of roosting sites Blue duiker Hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation, small & declining populations paradigm Pemba Blue Hunting Duiker Galagos Habitat loss Group Species Threats Mammals Marsh mongoose Habitat loss, drought Pemba Clawless Habitat loss, drought Otter Birds Waterbirds Water pollution, drought Other species Habitat loss and fragmentation Reptiles Amphibia ns Fish Invertebra tes Sea turtles Tortoises Molluscs (terrestrial, fresh water) Molluscs (marine) Lepidoptera Orthoptera Odonata Exploitation, loss of nesting sites, marine pollution Wildfires, habitat loss Pollution, habitat loss Exploitation, marine pollution, habitat damage Pollution, wildfires Marine pollution, exploitation Pollution, wildfires Pollution, wildfires Pollution, wildfires 8.0 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves have about 12 main habitat types but although these appear few the area is relatively very rich in endemic, near endemic and rare species despite its small size. Ngezi – Vumawimbi forests have a variety of habitats rich in species. The availability of resources differs in quantity and quality from one habitat to another therefore making some habitats more vulnerable than others. In order to manage the biological resources available in the reserves. All decisions on management and planning optimization should embrace relevant factors including available technology (by local people) as well as indigenous knowledge, social-economic, cultural and political considerations (Herlocker, 1999). The managemnt plan of the forest needs to address and incorporate certain key issues for effective conservation of the area. These include the conservation of the rare, threatened, endangered and endemic species of flora and fauna. The impact of humans living on the edge of the park on the resources inside the park is an important aspect to consider when designing the management strategy of 80
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SERIKALI YA MAPINDUZI ZANZIBAR CARE
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4.1.2.7 Fresh water swamp forest…
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Zanzibar………………………
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Acknowledgements We would like to t
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including Connarus sp.nov., Chrysol
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prepared. Conservation programmes w
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His advance from hominid origins ha
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♦ During 1957, an Indian merchant
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The area of Ngezi - Vumawimbi fores
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ancestors in the mountain heathland
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to be established. Vegetation types
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using the expression: H' max = logk
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each day during trap inspection. Tr
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3.5 Legend to threatened and endang
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overlying coral limestone 7. Fresh
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2 Coastal evergreen Dry forest on s
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Drypetes natalensis (5m), Rauvolfia
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Albizia adiantifolia (25m), Erythro
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This vegetation type represents pub
Page 39 and 40: Number of stems 180 160 140 120 100
Page 41 and 42: of various species forms the basis
Page 43 and 44: intensity within an inhabitated are
Page 45 and 46: Sorindeia madagascariensis Suregada
Page 47 and 48: forest reserve also ranks higher in
Page 49 and 50: Orchidaceae Calanthe sylvatica (Tho
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.9: Endemic species of the Z
Page 53 and 54: prone to decimation from harvesting
Page 55 and 56: Some species have beeen introduced
Page 57 and 58: 35 30 30 Number of animals 25 20 15
Page 59 and 60: in the forest and inhabitated areas
Page 61 and 62: viruses. Recent work has pointed to
Page 63 and 64: individuals who do not leave the ro
Page 65 and 66: Table 4.13: Relative abundance of s
Page 67 and 68: 4.2.6 Birds Bird survey on Pemba wa
Page 69 and 70: Mabuya albotaeniata Pemba Island Sk
Page 71 and 72: created land bridges or shallow con
Page 73 and 74: also expected to occur in shallow w
Page 75 and 76: survey most of catch records shows
Page 77 and 78: A number of butterflies (11 species
Page 79 and 80: n = 200 % of 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 18
Page 81 and 82: poachers. They said, some people we
Page 83 and 84: 4.4.5 Threats to biodiversity Some
Page 85 and 86: From the declared information it ap
Page 87 and 88: 6.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOUR
Page 89: medicinal plants are other activiti
Page 93 and 94: useful fuel wood supplies the gover
Page 95 and 96: windbreak, provide shade and could
Page 97 and 98: Archer, A. L. and Mwinyi, A. A. (19
Page 99 and 100: FAO (1984d) Species Identification
Page 101 and 102: Migdoll, I. (1987) Field Guide to t
Page 103 and 104: Smith, J. & Scherr, S.J. (2002) For
Page 105 and 106: TERMS OF REFERENCE Outputs of the c
Page 107 and 108: Ganoderma sp.2 Stipulate young frui
Page 109 and 110: Lomariopsidaceae Lomariopsis warnek
Page 111 and 112: schumannianum) records also in Tanz
Page 113 and 114: GUTTIFERAE Calophyllum inophyllum L
Page 115 and 116: Ficus sur Forssk. [F.capensis] Mkuy
Page 117 and 118: Species name Vern. Name Notes Refer
Page 119 and 120: nov. COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffus
Page 121 and 122: Appendix 1b: Relative densities and
Page 123 and 124: Rawsonia lucida 3.33 5.56 Allophylu
Page 125 and 126: Chrysalidocarpus pembanus 16.53 5.1
Page 127 and 128: Appendix 2: Reported plant species
Page 129 and 130: FREQUENCY OF USE FREQUENCY OF TISSU
Page 131 and 132: Family/Species Cercopithecidae Comm
Page 133 and 134: Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk x
Page 135 and 136: APODIDAE Cypsiurus parvus Palm Swif
Page 137 and 138: Lonchura bicolor Black & White Mann
Page 139 and 140: Appendix 6: A checklist of amphibia
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Lobster Palinuridae Palinurus delag
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Appendix 8a: Butterflies sampled in
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Appendix 8c: Odonata sampled in six
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Appendic 9b: Checklist of Odonata (
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