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(a) (b) 114
(c) Figure 3.8. Speciation diagram of Zn species in the presence of (a) OH - (b) OH - and 100 mM [Cl - ] (c) atmospheric CO 2 (OH - , Cl - and CO 3 2- anions) in 5 mM of Zn 2+ cation. Table 3.1 also shows the solid species limiting the solubility of Zn 2+ cations in the presence of OH - , Cl - additions and CO 3 2 additions. It is interesting to see that CO 2 is an important aspect of the solubility profile for Zn 2+ . In aerated environments, Zn 2+ ion inhibition is expected to occur in the solubility minimum by the precipitation of Zn 5 (OH) 6 (CO 3 ) 2 . Table 3.1. Solid species limiting the solubility of 5 mM of Zn 2+ cation by considering different anion additions. Anions Solid precipitates pH above which the solubility reduces pH above which the solubility increases OH - anions only ZnO 6.7 11.8 OH - and Cl - anions OH - , Cl - and CO 2- 3 anions Zn 5 (OH) 8 Cl 2 , Zn(OH) 2 7 11.8 Zn 5 (OH) 6 (CO 3 ) 2 7 8.2 5.3.2.4.2 Polarization in aerated sodium chloride solutions. Figure 3.9 shows cathodic and anodic polarization measurements carried out on aluminum 2024-T3 samples in aerated 0.1M NaCl solutions with concentrations varying from 0.1 mM (6.5 ppm) to 50 mM (3250 ppm) of zinc chloride. The natural pH of all these solutions was between 6 and 7. The purpose of these experiments was to verify the inhibition of oxygen reduction reaction by zinc as previously reported [52], investigate any anodic inhibition and determine the concentration at which the inhibition reaches its maximum. 0.1M NaCl solution was used as a control. Figure 3.9a shows 115
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FINAL REPORT Scientific Understandi
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This report was prepared under cont
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List of Acronyms AES Atomic Emissio
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List of Figures Figure 1.1. Figure
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Figure 1.21. Figure 1.22. Figure 1.
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Figure 3.11. Cathodic polarization
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Figure 4.12. Average Roughness of R
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Figure 5.4. Figures 5.5. Apparatus
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Figure 5.36. Figure 5.37. R paramet
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Figure 6.23. Two commercial samples
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Figure 7.1. a) instrumental configu
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List of Tables Table 1.1. Table 1.2
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Table 6.4. Processing parameters fo
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Keywords 1. Al alloys 2. Non-chroma
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1. Executive Summary This report su
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the role of electrophoresis in inhi
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occurring at low pHs and release at
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were obtained by a post treatment w
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4. G.O. Ilevbare, J.R. Scully, J. Y
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3. Objective The primary objective
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5. Results and Accomplishments In t
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powder, slurried with ultrapure wat
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TCP-coated AA2024-T3. A Kratos AXIS
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X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (X
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Potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) -0.2 -0.3
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Signal Intensity (counts/s) assessi
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Al (including both Al 0 and Al 3+ c
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TEM or during sample preparation, s
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Potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) and uncoa
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5.1.4.8 Effects of Aging on the Fil
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Intensity (counts/s) Concentration
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|Z| 0.01Hz (ohm cm 2 ) |Z| 0.01Hz (
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The artificial scratch cell was als
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Raman intensity, a.u. 4000 880 3500
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Figure 1.24. Raman spectra for the
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peak at 520 cm -1 and an intense Cr
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Figure 1.28. Plots of the intensity
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Figure 1.30. (A) Video micrograph o
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The Zr and O signals arise from the
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Figure 1.35. (A) Corrosion potentia
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Table 1.1. Corrosion current (i cor
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additional pitting. The TCP coating
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Figure 1.41. Cr(VI) peak intensity
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Work is ongoing to understand how t
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9. L. Li, D-Y. Kim and G. M. Swain,
Page 97 and 98: carefully rinsed with DI water, air
Page 99 and 100: decrease to a net anodic current in
Page 101 and 102: Potential (mV vs. SCE) Potential (m
Page 103 and 104: i (A/cm 2 ) Immediately after silic
Page 107 and 108: Potential (mV vs. SCE) Rp (ohm.cm 2
Page 111 and 112: 2.4.4 In situ AFM Scratching Result
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.31. In situ AFM scratching
Page 115 and 116: (2.3) Figure 2.35. Specie diagram f
Page 117 and 118: concentration and the silicon to ca
Page 119 and 120: analysis coupled with XPS revealed
Page 121 and 122: 5.2.4.4 In Situ AFM Scratching Befo
Page 123 and 124: esults in the formation of silicate
Page 125 and 126: 26. P. Schmutz and G.S. Frankel, J.
Page 127 and 128: Pr 3+ , Y 3+ showed [12] an order o
Page 129 and 130: 0.1M NaCl solution with varying con
Page 131 and 132: 8.7 through pH 12.6 due to the lowe
Page 133 and 134: (b) (c) 99
Page 135 and 136: immersed in Ce 3+ remained bright w
Page 137 and 138: S phase and dissolution of Al matri
Page 139 and 140: Corrosion rate, i corr (A/cm 2 ) 6x
Page 141 and 142: I L (microA) 600 500 400 300 NC (-8
Page 143 and 144: than that of chromate[35]. Historic
Page 145 and 146: coupon was immersed with the polish
Page 147: 5.3.2.4 Results 5.3.2.4.1 Speciatio
Page 151 and 152: E vs. SCE (V) -0.70 -0.75 -0.80 -0.
Page 153 and 154: E vs. SCE (V) 1000 rpm E vs. SCE (V
Page 155 and 156: Chemical quantification showed a me
Page 157 and 158: (a) (b) Figure 3.15. (a) (top) SEM
Page 159 and 160: E vs. SCE (V) E vs. SCE (V) E vs. S
Page 161 and 162: -Z" (ohm) -Z" (ohm) -Z" (ohm) -Z" (
Page 163 and 164: (Figure 3.8b). However, no effect o
Page 165 and 166: CPS CPS CPS x 2 14 10 12 10 8 6 4 2
Page 167 and 168: CPS CPS 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 x 10
Page 169 and 170: I k L 0. 2 1 2 AnFC B D 2 3 O 1
Page 171 and 172: i -800 (A/cm 2 ) 10 -4 NaCl NaCl+5
Page 173 and 174: Corrosion rate ( 1/R p ) ohm -1 cm
Page 175 and 176: particles compared to zinc-free sol
Page 177 and 178: and Zn bentonite compounds have red
Page 179 and 180: 2) Deoxidizing for 3 minutes in an
Page 181 and 182: Scintag (now ThermoARL) Pad-V TM an
Page 183 and 184: Table 3.5. Characterization of bent
Page 185 and 186: Zn 2+ cation release (meq/100g) Pr
Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.33. (a) An exp
Page 189 and 190: |Z| (ohm) Phase angle (degrees) 5.3
Page 191 and 192: |Z| at 0.01 Hz (ohm.cm 2 ) Pore Res
Page 193 and 194: |Z| at 0.01 Hz (ohm.cm 2 ) |Z| at 0
Page 195 and 196: pigmented coatings exhibited partia
Page 197 and 198: 5.3.3.6 Conclusions 1. Exchange ben
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39. M. Mahdavian and M. M. Attar, P
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100. F.Liebau, Structural Chemistry
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of the coated sample, which is tigh
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Lubricant Blue (Struers) was used f
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good grip on the dolly, the equipme
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Pressure (kPa) r (mm) Pressure x Ra
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Pressure x Radius (kN/m) plateau bu
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Pressure x Radius (kN/m) Pxr (KN/m)
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Average Roughness (m) In contrast,
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Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) PVB PVB
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Pressure (kPa) Constant Infusion up
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.19. Coatin
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Min. Potential (V vs SHE) Min. Pote
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Pressure (kPa) exposure in hot wate
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Engineering Stress (MPa) slope of t
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Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) ASTM D33
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Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) Radiu
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Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) Pressure
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Table 4.7. Adhesion Strength values
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Non-Cl./Deox. No CC Cleaned/Deox. N
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5.4.5 Conclusions and Implications
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5.5 Task 5: Inhibitor Activation an
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solution for equilibration at contr
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Table 5.2. Techniques applied to sp
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The capacitance was determined by E
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combination with zinc molybdate, a
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Concentration, mmol / L Final pH te
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Alkaline affects praseodymium solub
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MoO 4 2- ) inhibition to the system
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Zinc molybdate is reported to be si
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The presence of a salt that has no
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This approach yields two figures of
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Inhibitor mapping of the Hentzen 16
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The molybdate loss in the strontium
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The capacitance dC is given by 0 (
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2 C( r, t) C( r )[1 r 2 exp( D nt
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-thea (degree) logIZI (Ohm-Cm 2 ) P
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Capacitance (F) respectively. The c
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Capacitance (F) Weight gain (g) For
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Normalized Capacitance Change Norma
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Potential V (Ag/AgCl) Corrosion rat
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5.5.4.7 Nanopore structure characte
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Normaalized Transport Rate (g/m^2_d
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S-Parameter S-Parameter Penetration
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S-Parameter S-Parameter Penetration
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R-parameter R-parameter Penetration
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5. T. M. Letcher, “Thermodynamics
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pigment of CaSiO 3 with initial pH
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allowed a comparison of the differe
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The solution resistance (R sol ) va
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Theta [degrees] theta |Z| [ohm] 10
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C [F/cm2] Rcorr [ohm*cm2] 7075-AHN
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C [F/cm 2 ] Rcorr [ohm*cm 2 ] Rcorr
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Visual TTF [hours] Table 6.2. Param
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of Metallast pre-treatment, which h
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Prediction of the TTF obtained by A
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5.6.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spe
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5.6.2.2.1 Coating system descriptio
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Table 6.4. Processing parameters fo
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population of total TTF vectors th
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components of the impedance and the
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Figure 6.17. EIS spectra for sample
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Figure 6.18. Kaplan-Meier survival
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Maximum c i range Maximum ci range
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The type and number of input neuron
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Predicted TTF The BFM method, intro
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The most significant variables to i
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5.6.3 Characterization of Pigment D
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of sputtering gold and carbon paint
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Figure 6.26. Cross-sectional view o
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Figure 6.28. EDX maps of primer cro
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Figure 6.31. EDX maps of primer cro
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In Figure 6.34, Ca and Si existed a
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Table 6.8. Average percentage resid
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strictly limited due to the barrier
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Figure 6.37. Coating systems in det
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Each corrosion volume of scribed ar
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) 1200 1000 80
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) Corrosion Ra
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Corrosion Rate (mm/yr) Corrosion Vo
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) corrosion ra
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corrosion rate (mm/yr) Corrosion Vo
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Corrosion Volume (mm/yr) Corrosion
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ate, PPG CA7233 coated samples had
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Appendix 6B Table 6B.1. Corrosion v
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Table 6B.3. Corrosion rate of sampl
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Table 6B.5. Corrosion area of sampl
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5.7. Task 7: Characterization of Lo
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at 65C. After using DI water to rin
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Transmission Mode Conduct EIS measu
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Cdl(F/cm 2 ) Rp(.cm 2 ) relatively
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pit bottom area (cm 2 ) pit bottom
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2days 2days 1mm 1mm 7days 7days Pit
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(a) (b) Si Si O Al Na Ca K Si Al-Cu
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Pit 1 and pit 2 as shown in Figure
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In these experiments, Deft primers
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For the case of as-deposited thin f
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3. L. Balazs, Physica E, 54, 1183-1
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and subsequently re-oxidized in two
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not represent true adhesion strengt
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• The pit morphology in 0.5 M NaC
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Appendix 2. List of Scientific/Tech
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“The Secret Life of Chromate Free
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