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the volume fraction of praseodymium was much smaller than chromium. Praseodymium was not detected at the coating-metal interface, even after ninety-day exposure (Figure 6.31). In another words, very little praseodymium appeared to reach the coating–metal interface. This lack of interaction may be due to a lack of inhibitive ion release or poor transport through the resin phase. Figure 6.30. SEM and EDX mapping images of unexposed Deft 02GN084 and phase identification. 306
Figure 6.31. EDX maps of primer cross sections by FIB (Deft 02GN084). Particles in Hentzen 16708 TPE and Sicopoxy 577-630 were identified as described above. In the BSE image of Hentzen 16708 (Figure 6.32), the brightest particles were identified as BaSO 4 due to the overlap of Ba and S. The size of BaSO 4 particles was about 1 to 3 μm. Overlapping of Ca and Si confirmed the existence of CaSiO 3 . CaSiO 3 pigments were bright gray. CaSiO 3 is thought to be the inhibitor, but most of Ca element was far away from the interface, and particles were isolated from each other. Apparently, no calcium layer formed at the interface at the end of ninety-day test (Figure 6.33). In terms of the amount of calcium on the cross sectional area, it was more than praseodymium, but still less than chromium. The area of Si was much larger than that of Ca. This could be explained by existence of SiO 2 particles, which were dark gray. 307
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FINAL REPORT Scientific Understandi
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This report was prepared under cont
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List of Acronyms AES Atomic Emissio
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List of Figures Figure 1.1. Figure
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Figure 1.21. Figure 1.22. Figure 1.
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Figure 3.11. Cathodic polarization
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Figure 4.12. Average Roughness of R
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Figure 5.4. Figures 5.5. Apparatus
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Figure 5.36. Figure 5.37. R paramet
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Figure 6.23. Two commercial samples
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Figure 7.1. a) instrumental configu
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List of Tables Table 1.1. Table 1.2
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Table 6.4. Processing parameters fo
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Keywords 1. Al alloys 2. Non-chroma
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1. Executive Summary This report su
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the role of electrophoresis in inhi
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occurring at low pHs and release at
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were obtained by a post treatment w
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4. G.O. Ilevbare, J.R. Scully, J. Y
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3. Objective The primary objective
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5. Results and Accomplishments In t
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powder, slurried with ultrapure wat
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TCP-coated AA2024-T3. A Kratos AXIS
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X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (X
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Potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) -0.2 -0.3
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Signal Intensity (counts/s) assessi
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Al (including both Al 0 and Al 3+ c
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TEM or during sample preparation, s
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Potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) and uncoa
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5.1.4.8 Effects of Aging on the Fil
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Intensity (counts/s) Concentration
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|Z| 0.01Hz (ohm cm 2 ) |Z| 0.01Hz (
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The artificial scratch cell was als
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Raman intensity, a.u. 4000 880 3500
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Figure 1.24. Raman spectra for the
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peak at 520 cm -1 and an intense Cr
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Figure 1.28. Plots of the intensity
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Figure 1.30. (A) Video micrograph o
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The Zr and O signals arise from the
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Figure 1.35. (A) Corrosion potentia
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Table 1.1. Corrosion current (i cor
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additional pitting. The TCP coating
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Figure 1.41. Cr(VI) peak intensity
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Work is ongoing to understand how t
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9. L. Li, D-Y. Kim and G. M. Swain,
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carefully rinsed with DI water, air
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decrease to a net anodic current in
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Potential (mV vs. SCE) Potential (m
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i (A/cm 2 ) Immediately after silic
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Potential (mV vs. SCE) Rp (ohm.cm 2
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2.4.4 In situ AFM Scratching Result
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Figure 2.31. In situ AFM scratching
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(2.3) Figure 2.35. Specie diagram f
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concentration and the silicon to ca
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analysis coupled with XPS revealed
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5.2.4.4 In Situ AFM Scratching Befo
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esults in the formation of silicate
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26. P. Schmutz and G.S. Frankel, J.
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Pr 3+ , Y 3+ showed [12] an order o
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0.1M NaCl solution with varying con
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8.7 through pH 12.6 due to the lowe
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(b) (c) 99
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immersed in Ce 3+ remained bright w
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S phase and dissolution of Al matri
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Corrosion rate, i corr (A/cm 2 ) 6x
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I L (microA) 600 500 400 300 NC (-8
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than that of chromate[35]. Historic
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coupon was immersed with the polish
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5.3.2.4 Results 5.3.2.4.1 Speciatio
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(c) Figure 3.8. Speciation diagram
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E vs. SCE (V) -0.70 -0.75 -0.80 -0.
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E vs. SCE (V) 1000 rpm E vs. SCE (V
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Chemical quantification showed a me
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(a) (b) Figure 3.15. (a) (top) SEM
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E vs. SCE (V) E vs. SCE (V) E vs. S
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-Z" (ohm) -Z" (ohm) -Z" (ohm) -Z" (
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(Figure 3.8b). However, no effect o
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CPS CPS CPS x 2 14 10 12 10 8 6 4 2
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CPS CPS 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 x 10
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I k L 0. 2 1 2 AnFC B D 2 3 O 1
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i -800 (A/cm 2 ) 10 -4 NaCl NaCl+5
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Corrosion rate ( 1/R p ) ohm -1 cm
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particles compared to zinc-free sol
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and Zn bentonite compounds have red
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2) Deoxidizing for 3 minutes in an
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Scintag (now ThermoARL) Pad-V TM an
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Table 3.5. Characterization of bent
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Zn 2+ cation release (meq/100g) Pr
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.33. (a) An exp
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|Z| (ohm) Phase angle (degrees) 5.3
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|Z| at 0.01 Hz (ohm.cm 2 ) Pore Res
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|Z| at 0.01 Hz (ohm.cm 2 ) |Z| at 0
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pigmented coatings exhibited partia
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5.3.3.6 Conclusions 1. Exchange ben
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39. M. Mahdavian and M. M. Attar, P
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100. F.Liebau, Structural Chemistry
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of the coated sample, which is tigh
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Lubricant Blue (Struers) was used f
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good grip on the dolly, the equipme
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Pressure (kPa) r (mm) Pressure x Ra
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Pressure x Radius (kN/m) plateau bu
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Pressure x Radius (kN/m) Pxr (KN/m)
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Average Roughness (m) In contrast,
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Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) PVB PVB
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Pressure (kPa) Constant Infusion up
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.19. Coatin
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Min. Potential (V vs SHE) Min. Pote
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Pressure (kPa) exposure in hot wate
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Engineering Stress (MPa) slope of t
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Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) ASTM D33
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Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) Radiu
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Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) Pressure
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Table 4.7. Adhesion Strength values
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Non-Cl./Deox. No CC Cleaned/Deox. N
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5.4.5 Conclusions and Implications
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5.5 Task 5: Inhibitor Activation an
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solution for equilibration at contr
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Table 5.2. Techniques applied to sp
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The capacitance was determined by E
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combination with zinc molybdate, a
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Concentration, mmol / L Final pH te
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Alkaline affects praseodymium solub
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MoO 4 2- ) inhibition to the system
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Zinc molybdate is reported to be si
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The presence of a salt that has no
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This approach yields two figures of
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Inhibitor mapping of the Hentzen 16
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The molybdate loss in the strontium
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The capacitance dC is given by 0 (
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2 C( r, t) C( r )[1 r 2 exp( D nt
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-thea (degree) logIZI (Ohm-Cm 2 ) P
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Capacitance (F) respectively. The c
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Capacitance (F) Weight gain (g) For
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Normalized Capacitance Change Norma
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Potential V (Ag/AgCl) Corrosion rat
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5.5.4.7 Nanopore structure characte
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Normaalized Transport Rate (g/m^2_d
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S-Parameter S-Parameter Penetration
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S-Parameter S-Parameter Penetration
Page 289 and 290: R-parameter R-parameter Penetration
Page 291 and 292: 5. T. M. Letcher, “Thermodynamics
Page 293 and 294: pigment of CaSiO 3 with initial pH
Page 295 and 296: allowed a comparison of the differe
Page 297 and 298: The solution resistance (R sol ) va
Page 299 and 300: Theta [degrees] theta |Z| [ohm] 10
Page 301 and 302: C [F/cm2] Rcorr [ohm*cm2] 7075-AHN
Page 303 and 304: C [F/cm 2 ] Rcorr [ohm*cm 2 ] Rcorr
Page 305 and 306: Visual TTF [hours] Table 6.2. Param
Page 307 and 308: of Metallast pre-treatment, which h
Page 309 and 310: Prediction of the TTF obtained by A
Page 311 and 312: 5.6.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spe
Page 313 and 314: 5.6.2.2.1 Coating system descriptio
Page 315 and 316: Table 6.4. Processing parameters fo
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Page 319 and 320: components of the impedance and the
Page 321 and 322: Figure 6.17. EIS spectra for sample
Page 323 and 324: Figure 6.18. Kaplan-Meier survival
Page 325 and 326: Maximum c i range Maximum ci range
Page 327 and 328: The type and number of input neuron
Page 329 and 330: Predicted TTF The BFM method, intro
Page 331 and 332: The most significant variables to i
Page 333 and 334: 5.6.3 Characterization of Pigment D
Page 335 and 336: of sputtering gold and carbon paint
Page 337 and 338: Figure 6.26. Cross-sectional view o
Page 339: Figure 6.28. EDX maps of primer cro
Page 343 and 344: In Figure 6.34, Ca and Si existed a
Page 345 and 346: Table 6.8. Average percentage resid
Page 347 and 348: strictly limited due to the barrier
Page 349 and 350: Figure 6.37. Coating systems in det
Page 351 and 352: Each corrosion volume of scribed ar
Page 353 and 354: Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) 1200 1000 80
Page 355 and 356: Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) Corrosion Ra
Page 357 and 358: Corrosion Rate (mm/yr) Corrosion Vo
Page 359 and 360: Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) corrosion ra
Page 361 and 362: corrosion rate (mm/yr) Corrosion Vo
Page 363 and 364: Corrosion Volume (mm/yr) Corrosion
Page 365 and 366: ate, PPG CA7233 coated samples had
Page 367 and 368: Appendix 6B Table 6B.1. Corrosion v
Page 369 and 370: Table 6B.3. Corrosion rate of sampl
Page 371 and 372: Table 6B.5. Corrosion area of sampl
Page 373 and 374: 5.7. Task 7: Characterization of Lo
Page 375 and 376: at 65C. After using DI water to rin
Page 377 and 378: Transmission Mode Conduct EIS measu
Page 379 and 380: Cdl(F/cm 2 ) Rp(.cm 2 ) relatively
Page 381 and 382: pit bottom area (cm 2 ) pit bottom
Page 383 and 384: 2days 2days 1mm 1mm 7days 7days Pit
Page 385 and 386: (a) (b) Si Si O Al Na Ca K Si Al-Cu
Page 387 and 388: Pit 1 and pit 2 as shown in Figure
Page 389 and 390: In these experiments, Deft primers
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For the case of as-deposited thin f
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3. L. Balazs, Physica E, 54, 1183-1
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and subsequently re-oxidized in two
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not represent true adhesion strengt
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• The pit morphology in 0.5 M NaC
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Appendix 2. List of Scientific/Tech
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“The Secret Life of Chromate Free
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