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Figure 6.41. Corrosion volume listed by fastener type in ASTM B117 for 500 h. 321 Figure 6.42. Corrosion rate listed by fastener type- ASTM B117 for 500 h 321 Figure 6.43. Corrosion area listed by fastener type in ASTM B117 for 500 h. 321 Figure 6.44. Corrosion volume listed by fastener type in ASTM G85 for 360 h. 322 Figure 6.45. Corrosion rate listed by fastener type- ASTM G85 for 360 h 322 Figure 6.46. Corrosion area listed by fastener type in ASTM G85 for 360 h. 322 Figure 6.47. Corrosion volume listed by surface treatment ASTM B117 for 500 h 323 Figure 6.48. Corrosion rate listed by surface treatment in ASTM B117 for 500 h. 323 Figure 6.49. Corrosion area listed by surface treatment in ASTM B117 for 500 h 324 Figure 6.50. Corrosion volume listed by surface treatment in ASTM G85 for 360 h. 324 Figure 6.51. Corrosion rate listed by surface treatment in ASTM G85 for 360 h 325 Figure 6.52. Corrosion area listed by surface treatment in ASTM G85 for 360 h 325 Figure 6.53. Corrosion volume listed by primer in ASTM B117 for 500 h 326 Figure 6.54. Corrosion rate listed by primer in ASTM B117 for 500 h 326 Figure 6.55. Corrosion area listed by primer in ASTM B117 for 500 h. 326 Figure 6.56. Corrosion volume listed by primer in ASTM G85 for 360 h. 327 Figure 6.57. Corrosion rate listed by primer in ASTM G85 for 360 h 327 Figure 6.58. Corrosion area listed by primer in ASTM G85 for 360 h. 328 Figure 6.59. Corrosion volume listed by topcoat in ASTM B117 for 500 h. 328 Figure 6.60. Corrosion rate listed by topcoat in ASTM B117 for 500 h 328 Figure 6.61. Corrosion area listed by topcoat in ASTM B117 for 500 h. 329 Figure 6.62. Corrosion volume listed by topcoat in ASTM G85 for 360 h 329 Figure 6.63. Corrosion rate listed by topcoat in ASTM G85 for 360 h 329 Figure 6.64. Corrosion area listed by topcoat in ASTM G85 for 360 h. 330 xxiii
Figure 7.1. a) instrumental configuration with the side view of the sample, b) top view of the sample, inside of the circle is the o-ring area exposed to the electrolyte, after conducting the experiment, only the coating and corrosion product left attached to the glass slide. Out side of the o-ring is the neat epoxy. 342 Figure 7.2. Instrumental configuration of the DOI setup. 343 Figure 7.3. Figure 7.4. Figure 7.5. Figure 7.6. Figure 7.7. Figure 7.8. Sequence of images taken of the evolution of aluminum thin film with neat epoxy coating exposed to 0.3M HCl solution. (a) Polarization resistance, Rp, and (b) capacitance, C, of an Al thin film metallization with neat epoxy coatings over top. This sample was exposed to 0.3M HCl. Sequence of images taken of the evolution of aluminum thin film under a neat epoxy resin during exposure to a 0.5M NaCl solution. Pit perimeter (a) and pit bottom area (b) as a function of time by the image analysis. The closed symbols indicate the original data, the regular lines are the linear fitting results. XRD results of as-deposited Al-Cu thin films (left) and aged Al-Cu thin films (right). Pit morphologies developed under neat epoxy resins applied to “asdeposited” (left) and aged Al-Cu thin films (right) at different exposure times. 344 345 346 347 348 349 Figure 7.9. SEM and EDS results of “As-deposited” Al-Cu thin film. 351 Figure 7.10. SEM and EDS results of aged Al-Cu thin films. 352 Figure 7.11. Figure 7.12. Figure 7.13. Pit geometry measurements and pit current density estimates from Figure 7.8. a) A plot of the variation of the perimeter length as a function of time for pit #1 in the as-deposited thin film, b) a plot of the pit bottom area as a function of time for pit #1 in the as-deposited thin film, c) pit current densities as a function of time for pits #1 and 2 in the as-deposited thin film, d) pit current density versus time for a pit in the aged thin film. Pit morphologies under Deft primers. Left-on as-deposited Al-Cu thin films. Right- on aged Al-Cu thin films. Different exposure times are noted. Anodic current density as a function of time of pit #1 in as-deposited thin film. 354 355 356 xxiv
Page 1 and 2: FINAL REPORT Scientific Understandi
Page 3 and 4: This report was prepared under cont
Page 5 and 6: List of Acronyms AES Atomic Emissio
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures Figure 1.1. Figure
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1.21. Figure 1.22. Figure 1.
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3.11. Cathodic polarization
Page 19 and 20: Figure 4.12. Average Roughness of R
Page 21 and 22: Figure 5.4. Figures 5.5. Apparatus
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.36. Figure 5.37. R paramet
Page 25: Figure 6.23. Two commercial samples
Page 29 and 30: List of Tables Table 1.1. Table 1.2
Page 31 and 32: Table 6.4. Processing parameters fo
Page 33 and 34: Keywords 1. Al alloys 2. Non-chroma
Page 35 and 36: 1. Executive Summary This report su
Page 37 and 38: the role of electrophoresis in inhi
Page 39 and 40: occurring at low pHs and release at
Page 41 and 42: were obtained by a post treatment w
Page 43 and 44: 4. G.O. Ilevbare, J.R. Scully, J. Y
Page 45 and 46: 3. Objective The primary objective
Page 47 and 48: 5. Results and Accomplishments In t
Page 49 and 50: powder, slurried with ultrapure wat
Page 51 and 52: TCP-coated AA2024-T3. A Kratos AXIS
Page 53 and 54: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (X
Page 55 and 56: Potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) -0.2 -0.3
Page 57 and 58: Signal Intensity (counts/s) assessi
Page 59 and 60: Al (including both Al 0 and Al 3+ c
Page 61 and 62: TEM or during sample preparation, s
Page 63 and 64: Potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) and uncoa
Page 65 and 66: 5.1.4.8 Effects of Aging on the Fil
Page 67 and 68: Intensity (counts/s) Concentration
Page 69 and 70: |Z| 0.01Hz (ohm cm 2 ) |Z| 0.01Hz (
Page 71 and 72: The artificial scratch cell was als
Page 73 and 74: Raman intensity, a.u. 4000 880 3500
Page 75 and 76: Figure 1.24. Raman spectra for the
Page 77 and 78:
peak at 520 cm -1 and an intense Cr
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Figure 1.28. Plots of the intensity
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Figure 1.30. (A) Video micrograph o
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The Zr and O signals arise from the
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Figure 1.35. (A) Corrosion potentia
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Table 1.1. Corrosion current (i cor
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additional pitting. The TCP coating
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Figure 1.41. Cr(VI) peak intensity
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Work is ongoing to understand how t
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9. L. Li, D-Y. Kim and G. M. Swain,
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carefully rinsed with DI water, air
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decrease to a net anodic current in
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Potential (mV vs. SCE) Potential (m
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i (A/cm 2 ) Immediately after silic
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Page 107 and 108:
Potential (mV vs. SCE) Rp (ohm.cm 2
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Page 111 and 112:
2.4.4 In situ AFM Scratching Result
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Figure 2.31. In situ AFM scratching
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(2.3) Figure 2.35. Specie diagram f
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concentration and the silicon to ca
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analysis coupled with XPS revealed
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5.2.4.4 In Situ AFM Scratching Befo
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esults in the formation of silicate
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26. P. Schmutz and G.S. Frankel, J.
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Pr 3+ , Y 3+ showed [12] an order o
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0.1M NaCl solution with varying con
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8.7 through pH 12.6 due to the lowe
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(b) (c) 99
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immersed in Ce 3+ remained bright w
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S phase and dissolution of Al matri
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Corrosion rate, i corr (A/cm 2 ) 6x
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I L (microA) 600 500 400 300 NC (-8
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than that of chromate[35]. Historic
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coupon was immersed with the polish
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5.3.2.4 Results 5.3.2.4.1 Speciatio
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(c) Figure 3.8. Speciation diagram
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E vs. SCE (V) -0.70 -0.75 -0.80 -0.
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E vs. SCE (V) 1000 rpm E vs. SCE (V
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Chemical quantification showed a me
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(a) (b) Figure 3.15. (a) (top) SEM
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E vs. SCE (V) E vs. SCE (V) E vs. S
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-Z" (ohm) -Z" (ohm) -Z" (ohm) -Z" (
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(Figure 3.8b). However, no effect o
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CPS CPS CPS x 2 14 10 12 10 8 6 4 2
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CPS CPS 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 x 10
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I k L 0. 2 1 2 AnFC B D 2 3 O 1
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i -800 (A/cm 2 ) 10 -4 NaCl NaCl+5
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Corrosion rate ( 1/R p ) ohm -1 cm
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particles compared to zinc-free sol
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and Zn bentonite compounds have red
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2) Deoxidizing for 3 minutes in an
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Scintag (now ThermoARL) Pad-V TM an
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Table 3.5. Characterization of bent
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Zn 2+ cation release (meq/100g) Pr
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.33. (a) An exp
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|Z| (ohm) Phase angle (degrees) 5.3
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|Z| at 0.01 Hz (ohm.cm 2 ) Pore Res
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|Z| at 0.01 Hz (ohm.cm 2 ) |Z| at 0
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pigmented coatings exhibited partia
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5.3.3.6 Conclusions 1. Exchange ben
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39. M. Mahdavian and M. M. Attar, P
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100. F.Liebau, Structural Chemistry
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of the coated sample, which is tigh
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Lubricant Blue (Struers) was used f
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good grip on the dolly, the equipme
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Pressure (kPa) r (mm) Pressure x Ra
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Pressure x Radius (kN/m) plateau bu
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Pressure x Radius (kN/m) Pxr (KN/m)
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Average Roughness (m) In contrast,
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Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) PVB PVB
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Pressure (kPa) Constant Infusion up
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.19. Coatin
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Min. Potential (V vs SHE) Min. Pote
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Pressure (kPa) exposure in hot wate
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Engineering Stress (MPa) slope of t
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Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) ASTM D33
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Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) Radiu
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Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) Pressure
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Table 4.7. Adhesion Strength values
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Non-Cl./Deox. No CC Cleaned/Deox. N
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5.4.5 Conclusions and Implications
Page 241 and 242:
5.5 Task 5: Inhibitor Activation an
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solution for equilibration at contr
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Table 5.2. Techniques applied to sp
Page 247 and 248:
The capacitance was determined by E
Page 249 and 250:
combination with zinc molybdate, a
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Concentration, mmol / L Final pH te
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Alkaline affects praseodymium solub
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MoO 4 2- ) inhibition to the system
Page 257 and 258:
Zinc molybdate is reported to be si
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The presence of a salt that has no
Page 261 and 262:
This approach yields two figures of
Page 263 and 264:
Inhibitor mapping of the Hentzen 16
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The molybdate loss in the strontium
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The capacitance dC is given by 0 (
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2 C( r, t) C( r )[1 r 2 exp( D nt
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-thea (degree) logIZI (Ohm-Cm 2 ) P
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Capacitance (F) respectively. The c
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Capacitance (F) Weight gain (g) For
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Normalized Capacitance Change Norma
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Potential V (Ag/AgCl) Corrosion rat
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5.5.4.7 Nanopore structure characte
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Normaalized Transport Rate (g/m^2_d
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S-Parameter S-Parameter Penetration
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S-Parameter S-Parameter Penetration
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R-parameter R-parameter Penetration
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5. T. M. Letcher, “Thermodynamics
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pigment of CaSiO 3 with initial pH
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allowed a comparison of the differe
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The solution resistance (R sol ) va
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Theta [degrees] theta |Z| [ohm] 10
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C [F/cm2] Rcorr [ohm*cm2] 7075-AHN
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C [F/cm 2 ] Rcorr [ohm*cm 2 ] Rcorr
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Visual TTF [hours] Table 6.2. Param
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of Metallast pre-treatment, which h
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Prediction of the TTF obtained by A
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5.6.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spe
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5.6.2.2.1 Coating system descriptio
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Table 6.4. Processing parameters fo
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population of total TTF vectors th
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components of the impedance and the
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Figure 6.17. EIS spectra for sample
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Figure 6.18. Kaplan-Meier survival
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Maximum c i range Maximum ci range
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The type and number of input neuron
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Predicted TTF The BFM method, intro
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The most significant variables to i
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5.6.3 Characterization of Pigment D
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of sputtering gold and carbon paint
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Figure 6.26. Cross-sectional view o
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Figure 6.28. EDX maps of primer cro
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Figure 6.31. EDX maps of primer cro
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In Figure 6.34, Ca and Si existed a
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Table 6.8. Average percentage resid
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strictly limited due to the barrier
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Figure 6.37. Coating systems in det
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Each corrosion volume of scribed ar
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) 1200 1000 80
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) Corrosion Ra
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Corrosion Rate (mm/yr) Corrosion Vo
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) corrosion ra
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corrosion rate (mm/yr) Corrosion Vo
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Corrosion Volume (mm/yr) Corrosion
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ate, PPG CA7233 coated samples had
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Appendix 6B Table 6B.1. Corrosion v
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Table 6B.3. Corrosion rate of sampl
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Table 6B.5. Corrosion area of sampl
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5.7. Task 7: Characterization of Lo
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at 65C. After using DI water to rin
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Transmission Mode Conduct EIS measu
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Cdl(F/cm 2 ) Rp(.cm 2 ) relatively
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pit bottom area (cm 2 ) pit bottom
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2days 2days 1mm 1mm 7days 7days Pit
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(a) (b) Si Si O Al Na Ca K Si Al-Cu
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Pit 1 and pit 2 as shown in Figure
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In these experiments, Deft primers
Page 391 and 392:
For the case of as-deposited thin f
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3. L. Balazs, Physica E, 54, 1183-1
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and subsequently re-oxidized in two
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not represent true adhesion strengt
Page 399 and 400:
• The pit morphology in 0.5 M NaC
Page 401 and 402:
Appendix 2. List of Scientific/Tech
Page 403 and 404:
“The Secret Life of Chromate Free
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