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such a high frequency, as shown in Figure 5.21, the film can be represented by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a resistance R, in parallel with a capacitance C determined by the following equation: C 2 Z" 2 f ( Z' Z" 0 2 ) (5.16) where Z’ and Z” are the real and imaginary part of impedance measured at a fixed frequency of 100 KHz. Table 5.9 shows the initial film capacitance calculated from the EIS data measured using Cu or Ag paste as contact electrodes, respectively. Using these initial film capacitance and corresponding film geometries, the dielectric constant for each film was calculated by the following equation d A C d 0 2 2 0 0 ( R r0 ) C (5.17) where A is the area of the test film covered with Cu or Ag paste whose inner and outer radii are r and R respectively, and ε 0 is the dielectric constant of vacuum (8.854 x 10 -14 F/cm), d is the film thickness, and Co is the initial film capacitance measured by EIS. To verify the capacitance measurements, 10 mil thick Teflon films from Dupont was also tested using both Cu and Ag paste as contact electrodes. As shown in Table 5.9, the value of dielectric constant of Teflon film measured using Cu tape as contact electrodes is very close to that reported by DuPont [8]. The value of the dielectric constant for the aerospace primer films is about 3-4. Comparing to the measurements using Cu tape, both Teflon and aerospace primer films showed a slightly higher dielectric constants from the measurements using Ag paste as contact electrodes, indicating that some residual water or solvent from Ag paste was absorbed by the films during the experiment or retained from the curing process. Therefore, Cu tape is preferred to Ag paste as a contact material for paint film capacitance measurements. Table 5.9. Dielectric constants of films calculated from capacitance measurements using Ag paste or Cu tape as contact electrodes. Film Thickness (mm) Contact Electrode C 0 ( F) Calculated) Literature) Aerospace primer Teflon 0.268 Ag (paste) 2.95E-10 4.56 0.330 Cu tape 1.65E-10 3.13 0.300 Cu tape 2.17E-10 3.75 0.260 Ag (paste) 1.62E-10 2.48 0.260 Cu tape 1.34E-10 2.13 3 ~ 4 2.06 [8] 236
-thea (degree) logIZI (Ohm-Cm 2 ) Primer film w/ Ag paste 1.0E+07 t=0 1.0E+06 t=24 hr t=360 hr 1.0E+05 t=750 hr 1.0E+04 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 log(f) (Hz) (a) Primer film w/ Ag paste 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 log(f) Hz t=0 t=24 hr t=360 hr t=750 hr (b) 237
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FINAL REPORT Scientific Understandi
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This report was prepared under cont
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List of Acronyms AES Atomic Emissio
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List of Figures Figure 1.1. Figure
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Figure 1.21. Figure 1.22. Figure 1.
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Figure 3.11. Cathodic polarization
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Figure 4.12. Average Roughness of R
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Figure 5.4. Figures 5.5. Apparatus
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Figure 5.36. Figure 5.37. R paramet
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Figure 6.23. Two commercial samples
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Figure 7.1. a) instrumental configu
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List of Tables Table 1.1. Table 1.2
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Table 6.4. Processing parameters fo
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Keywords 1. Al alloys 2. Non-chroma
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1. Executive Summary This report su
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the role of electrophoresis in inhi
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occurring at low pHs and release at
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were obtained by a post treatment w
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4. G.O. Ilevbare, J.R. Scully, J. Y
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3. Objective The primary objective
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5. Results and Accomplishments In t
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powder, slurried with ultrapure wat
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TCP-coated AA2024-T3. A Kratos AXIS
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X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (X
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Potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) -0.2 -0.3
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Signal Intensity (counts/s) assessi
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Al (including both Al 0 and Al 3+ c
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TEM or during sample preparation, s
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Potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) and uncoa
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5.1.4.8 Effects of Aging on the Fil
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Intensity (counts/s) Concentration
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|Z| 0.01Hz (ohm cm 2 ) |Z| 0.01Hz (
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The artificial scratch cell was als
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Raman intensity, a.u. 4000 880 3500
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Figure 1.24. Raman spectra for the
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peak at 520 cm -1 and an intense Cr
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Figure 1.28. Plots of the intensity
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Figure 1.30. (A) Video micrograph o
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The Zr and O signals arise from the
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Figure 1.35. (A) Corrosion potentia
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Table 1.1. Corrosion current (i cor
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additional pitting. The TCP coating
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Figure 1.41. Cr(VI) peak intensity
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Work is ongoing to understand how t
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9. L. Li, D-Y. Kim and G. M. Swain,
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carefully rinsed with DI water, air
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decrease to a net anodic current in
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Potential (mV vs. SCE) Potential (m
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i (A/cm 2 ) Immediately after silic
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Potential (mV vs. SCE) Rp (ohm.cm 2
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2.4.4 In situ AFM Scratching Result
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Figure 2.31. In situ AFM scratching
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(2.3) Figure 2.35. Specie diagram f
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concentration and the silicon to ca
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analysis coupled with XPS revealed
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5.2.4.4 In Situ AFM Scratching Befo
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esults in the formation of silicate
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26. P. Schmutz and G.S. Frankel, J.
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Pr 3+ , Y 3+ showed [12] an order o
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0.1M NaCl solution with varying con
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8.7 through pH 12.6 due to the lowe
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(b) (c) 99
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immersed in Ce 3+ remained bright w
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S phase and dissolution of Al matri
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Corrosion rate, i corr (A/cm 2 ) 6x
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I L (microA) 600 500 400 300 NC (-8
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than that of chromate[35]. Historic
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coupon was immersed with the polish
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5.3.2.4 Results 5.3.2.4.1 Speciatio
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(c) Figure 3.8. Speciation diagram
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E vs. SCE (V) -0.70 -0.75 -0.80 -0.
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E vs. SCE (V) 1000 rpm E vs. SCE (V
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Chemical quantification showed a me
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(a) (b) Figure 3.15. (a) (top) SEM
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E vs. SCE (V) E vs. SCE (V) E vs. S
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-Z" (ohm) -Z" (ohm) -Z" (ohm) -Z" (
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(Figure 3.8b). However, no effect o
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CPS CPS CPS x 2 14 10 12 10 8 6 4 2
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CPS CPS 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 x 10
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I k L 0. 2 1 2 AnFC B D 2 3 O 1
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i -800 (A/cm 2 ) 10 -4 NaCl NaCl+5
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Corrosion rate ( 1/R p ) ohm -1 cm
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particles compared to zinc-free sol
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and Zn bentonite compounds have red
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2) Deoxidizing for 3 minutes in an
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Scintag (now ThermoARL) Pad-V TM an
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Table 3.5. Characterization of bent
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Zn 2+ cation release (meq/100g) Pr
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.33. (a) An exp
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|Z| (ohm) Phase angle (degrees) 5.3
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|Z| at 0.01 Hz (ohm.cm 2 ) Pore Res
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|Z| at 0.01 Hz (ohm.cm 2 ) |Z| at 0
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pigmented coatings exhibited partia
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5.3.3.6 Conclusions 1. Exchange ben
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39. M. Mahdavian and M. M. Attar, P
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100. F.Liebau, Structural Chemistry
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of the coated sample, which is tigh
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Lubricant Blue (Struers) was used f
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good grip on the dolly, the equipme
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Pressure (kPa) r (mm) Pressure x Ra
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Pressure x Radius (kN/m) plateau bu
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Pressure x Radius (kN/m) Pxr (KN/m)
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Average Roughness (m) In contrast,
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Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) PVB PVB
Page 219 and 220: Pressure (kPa) Constant Infusion up
Page 221 and 222: (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.19. Coatin
Page 223 and 224: Min. Potential (V vs SHE) Min. Pote
Page 225 and 226: Pressure (kPa) exposure in hot wate
Page 227 and 228: Engineering Stress (MPa) slope of t
Page 229 and 230: Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) ASTM D33
Page 231 and 232: Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) Radiu
Page 233 and 234: Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) Pressure
Page 235 and 236: Table 4.7. Adhesion Strength values
Page 237 and 238: Non-Cl./Deox. No CC Cleaned/Deox. N
Page 239 and 240: 5.4.5 Conclusions and Implications
Page 241 and 242: 5.5 Task 5: Inhibitor Activation an
Page 243 and 244: solution for equilibration at contr
Page 245 and 246: Table 5.2. Techniques applied to sp
Page 247 and 248: The capacitance was determined by E
Page 249 and 250: combination with zinc molybdate, a
Page 251 and 252: Concentration, mmol / L Final pH te
Page 253 and 254: Alkaline affects praseodymium solub
Page 255 and 256: MoO 4 2- ) inhibition to the system
Page 257 and 258: Zinc molybdate is reported to be si
Page 259 and 260: The presence of a salt that has no
Page 261 and 262: This approach yields two figures of
Page 263 and 264: Inhibitor mapping of the Hentzen 16
Page 265 and 266: The molybdate loss in the strontium
Page 267 and 268: The capacitance dC is given by 0 (
Page 269: 2 C( r, t) C( r )[1 r 2 exp( D nt
Page 273 and 274: Capacitance (F) respectively. The c
Page 275 and 276: Capacitance (F) Weight gain (g) For
Page 277 and 278: Normalized Capacitance Change Norma
Page 279 and 280: Potential V (Ag/AgCl) Corrosion rat
Page 281 and 282: 5.5.4.7 Nanopore structure characte
Page 283 and 284: Normaalized Transport Rate (g/m^2_d
Page 285 and 286: S-Parameter S-Parameter Penetration
Page 287 and 288: S-Parameter S-Parameter Penetration
Page 289 and 290: R-parameter R-parameter Penetration
Page 291 and 292: 5. T. M. Letcher, “Thermodynamics
Page 293 and 294: pigment of CaSiO 3 with initial pH
Page 295 and 296: allowed a comparison of the differe
Page 297 and 298: The solution resistance (R sol ) va
Page 299 and 300: Theta [degrees] theta |Z| [ohm] 10
Page 301 and 302: C [F/cm2] Rcorr [ohm*cm2] 7075-AHN
Page 303 and 304: C [F/cm 2 ] Rcorr [ohm*cm 2 ] Rcorr
Page 305 and 306: Visual TTF [hours] Table 6.2. Param
Page 307 and 308: of Metallast pre-treatment, which h
Page 309 and 310: Prediction of the TTF obtained by A
Page 311 and 312: 5.6.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spe
Page 313 and 314: 5.6.2.2.1 Coating system descriptio
Page 315 and 316: Table 6.4. Processing parameters fo
Page 317 and 318: population of total TTF vectors th
Page 319 and 320: components of the impedance and the
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Figure 6.17. EIS spectra for sample
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Figure 6.18. Kaplan-Meier survival
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Maximum c i range Maximum ci range
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The type and number of input neuron
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Predicted TTF The BFM method, intro
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The most significant variables to i
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5.6.3 Characterization of Pigment D
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of sputtering gold and carbon paint
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Figure 6.26. Cross-sectional view o
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Figure 6.28. EDX maps of primer cro
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Figure 6.31. EDX maps of primer cro
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In Figure 6.34, Ca and Si existed a
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Table 6.8. Average percentage resid
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strictly limited due to the barrier
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Figure 6.37. Coating systems in det
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Each corrosion volume of scribed ar
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) 1200 1000 80
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) Corrosion Ra
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Corrosion Rate (mm/yr) Corrosion Vo
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) corrosion ra
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corrosion rate (mm/yr) Corrosion Vo
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Corrosion Volume (mm/yr) Corrosion
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ate, PPG CA7233 coated samples had
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Appendix 6B Table 6B.1. Corrosion v
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Table 6B.3. Corrosion rate of sampl
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Table 6B.5. Corrosion area of sampl
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5.7. Task 7: Characterization of Lo
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at 65C. After using DI water to rin
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Transmission Mode Conduct EIS measu
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Cdl(F/cm 2 ) Rp(.cm 2 ) relatively
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pit bottom area (cm 2 ) pit bottom
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2days 2days 1mm 1mm 7days 7days Pit
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(a) (b) Si Si O Al Na Ca K Si Al-Cu
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Pit 1 and pit 2 as shown in Figure
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In these experiments, Deft primers
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For the case of as-deposited thin f
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3. L. Balazs, Physica E, 54, 1183-1
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and subsequently re-oxidized in two
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not represent true adhesion strengt
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• The pit morphology in 0.5 M NaC
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Appendix 2. List of Scientific/Tech
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“The Secret Life of Chromate Free
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