8. R. G. Buchheit, R. P. Grant, P. F. Hlava, B. McKenzie <strong>and</strong> G. L. Zender, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 144, 2621 (1997). 9. M. W. Kendig <strong>and</strong> R. G. Buchheit, Corrosion, 59, 379 (2003). 10. M. Kendig, S. Jeanjaquet, R. Addison <strong>and</strong> J. Waldrop, Surface & Coatings Technology, 140, 58 (2001). 11. B.R.W. Hinton, N.E. Ryan, D.R. Arnott, P.N. Trathen, L. Wilson <strong>and</strong> B. E. Williams, Corr. Austral, 10, 12 (1985). 12. D. R. Arnott, B. R. W. Hinton <strong>and</strong> N. E. Ryan, Materials Performance, 26, 42 (1987). 13. A. K. Mishra <strong>and</strong> R. Balasubramaniam, Corrosion Science, 49, 1027 (2007). 14. B. R. W. Hinton, Journal of Alloys <strong>and</strong> Compounds, 180, 15 (1992). 15. A. Aballe, M. Bethencourt, F. J. Botana <strong>and</strong> M. Marcos, Journal of Alloys <strong>and</strong> Compounds, 323-324, 855 (2001). 16. K. A. Yasakau, M. L. Zheludkevich, S. V. Lamaka <strong>and</strong> M. G. S. Ferreira, The Journal of Physical Chemistry 110, 5515 (2006). 17. A. J. Aldykiewicz, H. S. Isaacs <strong>and</strong> A. J. Davenport, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 142, 3342 (1995). 18. A. J. Aldykiewicz, A. J. Davenport <strong>and</strong> H. S. Isaacs, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 143, 147 (1996). 19. M. A. Jakab, F. Presuel-Moreno <strong>and</strong> J. R. Scully, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 153, B244 (2006). 20. X. Yu <strong>and</strong> C. Cao, Thin Solid Films, 423, 252 (2003). 21. X. Yu, C.Cao <strong>and</strong> Z.Yao, Mater.Sci.Lett., 19, 1907 (2000). 22. V. Mansfeld <strong>and</strong> F. Wang, Brit.Corr.Jour., 29, 194 (1994). 23. A. J. Bard <strong>and</strong> L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical methods : fundamentals <strong>and</strong> applications, p. 833, Wiley, New York (2001). 24. G. W. Hung <strong>and</strong> R. H. Dinius, J. Chem. Eng. Data Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 17, 449 (1972). 25. R. Procaccini, S. Ceré <strong>and</strong> M. Vázquez, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 39, 177 (2009). 26. C. F. Baes <strong>and</strong> R. S. Mesmer:, The Hydrolysis of Cations, p. 245, John Wiley <strong>and</strong> Sons, Inc., New York, ( 1976). 27. D. R. Arnott <strong>and</strong> B.R.W. Hinton, Microstructural Sci., 17 (1989). 28. N. E. Ryan,. B.R.W. Hinton, D.R. Arnott, P.N. Trathen, L. Wilson, B.E. Williams, Corr. Austral, 10 (1985). 29. B. R. W. Hinton, D. R. Arnott <strong>and</strong> N. E. Ryan, Metals Forum, 7, 211 (1984). 30. H. Wroblowa, H. Yenchipan <strong>and</strong> G. Razumney, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 69, 195 (1976). 31. K. Martin <strong>and</strong> H. Melitta, Electrochemical <strong>and</strong> Solid-State Letters, 8, B10 (2005). 32. K. A. Yasakau, M. L. Zheludkevich <strong>and</strong> M. G. S. Ferreira, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 155, C169 (2008). 33. B. R. W. Hinton <strong>and</strong> D. R. Arnott, Microstructural Sci., 17, 311 (1989). 34. P. Schmutz <strong>and</strong> G. S. Frankel, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 146, 4461 (1999). 35. G. J. Fosmire, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51, 225 (1990). 36. A. Kalendova, P. Kalenda <strong>and</strong> D. Vesely, Progress in Organic Coatings, 57, 1 (2006). 37. A. Kalendová, Progress in Organic Coatings, 46, 324 (2003). 38. M. Leclerq, European Coatings Journal, 3, 106 (1991). 164
39. M. Mahdavian <strong>and</strong> M. M. Attar, Progress in Organic Coatings, 53, 191 (2005). 40. A. Amirudin, C. Barreau, R. Hellouin <strong>and</strong> D. Thierry, Progress in Organic Coatings, 25, 339 (1995). 41. A. Kalendova, Anti-Corrosion Methods <strong>and</strong> Materials, 49, 173 (2002). 42. B. D. Amo, R. Romagnoli, V. F. Vetere <strong>and</strong> L. S. Hern<strong>and</strong>ez, Progress in organic coatings, 33, 28 (1998). 43. A. Kalendová, Pigment & Resin Technology, 31, 381 (2002). 44. A. Kalendová, Anti-Corrosion Methods <strong>and</strong> Materials, 49, 364 (2002). 45. K.Ogle <strong>and</strong> M.Wolpers, in ASM H<strong>and</strong>book: Corrosion:Fundamentals, Testing <strong>and</strong> Protection, p. 712, ASM International (2003). 46. D. Susac, X. Sun, R. Y. Li, K. C. Wong, P. C. Wong, K. A. R. Mitchell <strong>and</strong> R. Champaneria, Applied Surface Science, 239, 45 (2004). 47. D.B.Freeman, Phosphating <strong>and</strong> Metal Pretreatment, Cambridge, Endl<strong>and</strong> (1986). 48. Zinc, in, p. http://www.stormwaterx.com/Resources.aspx, StormwaterRx LLC. 49. X. Zhang, S. Lo Russo, A. Miotello, L. Guzman, E. Cattaruzza, P. L. Bonora <strong>and</strong> L. Benedetti, Surface <strong>and</strong> Coatings Technology, 141, 187 (2001). 50. A. S. Akhtar, P. C. Wong, K. C. Wong <strong>and</strong> K. A. R. Mitchell, Applied Surface Science, 254, 4813 (2008). 51. B. P. Boffardi, in ASM H<strong>and</strong>book: Corrosion:Fundamentals, Testing <strong>and</strong> Protection, p. 902, ASM International (2003). 52. R. G. Buchheit, H. Guan, S. Mahajanam <strong>and</strong> F. Wong, Progress in Organic Coatings, 47, 174 (2003). 53. H. S. Awad, Anti-Corrosion Methods <strong>and</strong> Materials, 52, 22 (2005). 54. A. J. Bard <strong>and</strong> L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical methods : fundamentals <strong>and</strong> applications / Allen J. Bard, Larry R. Faulkner, p. 718, Wiley, New York (1980). 55. G. W. Hung <strong>and</strong> R. H. Dinius, Journal of Chemical <strong>and</strong> Engineering Data, 17, 449 (1972). 56. S. Schurz, G. H. Luckeneder, M. Fleisch<strong>and</strong>erl, P. Mack, H. Gsaller, A. C. Kneissl <strong>and</strong> G. Mori, Corrosion Science, 52, 3271. 57. G. J. Brug, A. L. G. van den Eeden, M. Sluyters-Rehbach <strong>and</strong> J. H. Sluyters, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 176, 275 (1984). 58. Y. Li, Corrosion Science, 43, 1793 (2001). 59. S. J. Garcia, T. H. Muster, O. Ozkanat, N. Sherman, A. E. Hughes, H. Terryn, J. H. W. de Wit <strong>and</strong> J. M. C. Mol, Electrochimica Acta, 55, 2457 (2010). 60. G. A. L. Stern M, J. of the Electrochemical Society, 104, 56 (1957). 61. G. Boisier, N. Portail <strong>and</strong> N. Pebere, Electrochimica Acta, 55, 6182 (2010). 62. I.J.Polmear, Light Alloys Metallurgy of the Light Metals, Arnold, London (1995). 63. T. H. Muster, A. E. Hughes <strong>and</strong> G. E. Thompson, in Corrosion <strong>Research</strong> Trends, I. S. Wang Editor, p. 35, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (2007). 64. C.-M. Liao <strong>and</strong> R. P. Wei, Electrochimica Acta, 45, 881 (1999). 65. R. G. Buchheit, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 142, 3994 (1995). 66. C. M. Liao, J. M.Olive, M.Gao <strong>and</strong> R. P.Wei, Corrosion, 54, 451 (1998). 67. R. L. Twite <strong>and</strong> G. P. Bierwagen, Progress in Organic Coatings, 33, 91 (1998). 68. P. L. Hagans <strong>and</strong> C. M. Haas, in ASM H<strong>and</strong>book : Surface Engineering, p. 405 (1994). 69. A. E. Hughes, R. J. Taylor <strong>and</strong> B. R. W. Hinton, Surface <strong>and</strong> Interface Analysis, 25, 223 (1997). 70. H. Stunzi <strong>and</strong> W. Marty, Inorganic Chemistry, 22, 2145 (1983). 165
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FINAL REPORT Scientific Understandi
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This report was prepared under cont
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List of Acronyms AES Atomic Emissio
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List of Figures Figure 1.1. Figure
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Figure 1.21. Figure 1.22. Figure 1.
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Figure 1.38. Figure 1.39. Figure 1.
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Figure 2.26. Figure 2.27. Figure 2.
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Figure 3.11. Cathodic polarization
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Figure 3.31. Figure 3.32. Figure 3.
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Figure 4.12. Average Roughness of R
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Figure 5.4. Figures 5.5. Apparatus
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Figure 5.36. Figure 5.37. R paramet
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Figure 6.23. Two commercial samples
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Figure 7.1. a) instrumental configu
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List of Tables Table 1.1. Table 1.2
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Table 6.4. Processing parameters fo
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Keywords 1. Al alloys 2. Non-chroma
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1. Executive Summary This report su
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the role of electrophoresis in inhi
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occurring at low pHs and release at
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were obtained by a post treatment w
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4. G.O. Ilevbare, J.R. Scully, J. Y
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3. Objective The primary objective
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5. Results and Accomplishments In t
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powder, slurried with ultrapure wat
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TCP-coated AA2024-T3. A Kratos AXIS
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X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (X
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Potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) -0.2 -0.3
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Signal Intensity (counts/s) assessi
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Al (including both Al 0 and Al 3+ c
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TEM or during sample preparation, s
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Potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) and uncoa
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5.1.4.8 Effects of Aging on the Fil
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Intensity (counts/s) Concentration
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|Z| 0.01Hz (ohm cm 2 ) |Z| 0.01Hz (
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The artificial scratch cell was als
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Raman intensity, a.u. 4000 880 3500
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Figure 1.24. Raman spectra for the
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peak at 520 cm -1 and an intense Cr
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Figure 1.28. Plots of the intensity
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Figure 1.30. (A) Video micrograph o
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The Zr and O signals arise from the
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Figure 1.35. (A) Corrosion potentia
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Table 1.1. Corrosion current (i cor
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additional pitting. The TCP coating
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Figure 1.41. Cr(VI) peak intensity
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Work is ongoing to understand how t
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9. L. Li, D-Y. Kim and G. M. Swain,
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carefully rinsed with DI water, air
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decrease to a net anodic current in
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Potential (mV vs. SCE) Potential (m
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i (A/cm 2 ) Immediately after silic
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Potential (mV vs. SCE) Potential (m
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Potential (mV vs. SCE) Rp (ohm.cm 2
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Potential (mV vs. SCE) Potential (m
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2.4.4 In situ AFM Scratching Result
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Figure 2.31. In situ AFM scratching
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(2.3) Figure 2.35. Specie diagram f
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concentration and the silicon to ca
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analysis coupled with XPS revealed
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5.2.4.4 In Situ AFM Scratching Befo
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esults in the formation of silicate
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26. P. Schmutz and G.S. Frankel, J.
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Pr 3+ , Y 3+ showed [12] an order o
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0.1M NaCl solution with varying con
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8.7 through pH 12.6 due to the lowe
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(b) (c) 99
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immersed in Ce 3+ remained bright w
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S phase and dissolution of Al matri
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Corrosion rate, i corr (A/cm 2 ) 6x
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I L (microA) 600 500 400 300 NC (-8
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than that of chromate[35]. Historic
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coupon was immersed with the polish
- Page 147 and 148: 5.3.2.4 Results 5.3.2.4.1 Speciatio
- Page 149 and 150: (c) Figure 3.8. Speciation diagram
- Page 151 and 152: E vs. SCE (V) -0.70 -0.75 -0.80 -0.
- Page 153 and 154: E vs. SCE (V) 1000 rpm E vs. SCE (V
- Page 155 and 156: Chemical quantification showed a me
- Page 157 and 158: (a) (b) Figure 3.15. (a) (top) SEM
- Page 159 and 160: E vs. SCE (V) E vs. SCE (V) E vs. S
- Page 161 and 162: -Z" (ohm) -Z" (ohm) -Z" (ohm) -Z" (
- Page 163 and 164: (Figure 3.8b). However, no effect o
- Page 165 and 166: CPS CPS CPS x 2 14 10 12 10 8 6 4 2
- Page 167 and 168: CPS CPS 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 x 10
- Page 169 and 170: I k L 0. 2 1 2 AnFC B D 2 3 O 1
- Page 171 and 172: i -800 (A/cm 2 ) 10 -4 NaCl NaCl+5
- Page 173 and 174: Corrosion rate ( 1/R p ) ohm -1 cm
- Page 175 and 176: particles compared to zinc-free sol
- Page 177 and 178: and Zn bentonite compounds have red
- Page 179 and 180: 2) Deoxidizing for 3 minutes in an
- Page 181 and 182: Scintag (now ThermoARL) Pad-V TM an
- Page 183 and 184: Table 3.5. Characterization of bent
- Page 185 and 186: Zn 2+ cation release (meq/100g) Pr
- Page 187 and 188: (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.33. (a) An exp
- Page 189 and 190: |Z| (ohm) Phase angle (degrees) 5.3
- Page 191 and 192: |Z| at 0.01 Hz (ohm.cm 2 ) Pore Res
- Page 193 and 194: |Z| at 0.01 Hz (ohm.cm 2 ) |Z| at 0
- Page 195 and 196: pigmented coatings exhibited partia
- Page 197: 5.3.3.6 Conclusions 1. Exchange ben
- Page 201 and 202: 100. F.Liebau, Structural Chemistry
- Page 203 and 204: of the coated sample, which is tigh
- Page 205 and 206: Lubricant Blue (Struers) was used f
- Page 207 and 208: good grip on the dolly, the equipme
- Page 209 and 210: Pressure (kPa) r (mm) Pressure x Ra
- Page 211 and 212: Pressure x Radius (kN/m) plateau bu
- Page 213 and 214: Pressure x Radius (kN/m) Pxr (KN/m)
- Page 215 and 216: Average Roughness (m) In contrast,
- Page 217 and 218: Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) PVB PVB
- Page 219 and 220: Pressure (kPa) Constant Infusion up
- Page 221 and 222: (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.19. Coatin
- Page 223 and 224: Min. Potential (V vs SHE) Min. Pote
- Page 225 and 226: Pressure (kPa) exposure in hot wate
- Page 227 and 228: Engineering Stress (MPa) slope of t
- Page 229 and 230: Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) ASTM D33
- Page 231 and 232: Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa) Radiu
- Page 233 and 234: Adhesion Strength (J/m 2 ) Pressure
- Page 235 and 236: Table 4.7. Adhesion Strength values
- Page 237 and 238: Non-Cl./Deox. No CC Cleaned/Deox. N
- Page 239 and 240: 5.4.5 Conclusions and Implications
- Page 241 and 242: 5.5 Task 5: Inhibitor Activation an
- Page 243 and 244: solution for equilibration at contr
- Page 245 and 246: Table 5.2. Techniques applied to sp
- Page 247 and 248: The capacitance was determined by E
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combination with zinc molybdate, a
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Concentration, mmol / L Final pH te
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Alkaline affects praseodymium solub
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MoO 4 2- ) inhibition to the system
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Zinc molybdate is reported to be si
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The presence of a salt that has no
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This approach yields two figures of
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Inhibitor mapping of the Hentzen 16
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The molybdate loss in the strontium
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The capacitance dC is given by 0 (
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2 C( r, t) C( r )[1 r 2 exp( D nt
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-thea (degree) logIZI (Ohm-Cm 2 ) P
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Capacitance (F) respectively. The c
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Capacitance (F) Weight gain (g) For
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Normalized Capacitance Change Norma
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Potential V (Ag/AgCl) Corrosion rat
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5.5.4.7 Nanopore structure characte
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Normaalized Transport Rate (g/m^2_d
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S-Parameter S-Parameter Penetration
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S-Parameter S-Parameter Penetration
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R-parameter R-parameter Penetration
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5. T. M. Letcher, “Thermodynamics
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pigment of CaSiO 3 with initial pH
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allowed a comparison of the differe
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The solution resistance (R sol ) va
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Theta [degrees] theta |Z| [ohm] 10
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C [F/cm2] Rcorr [ohm*cm2] 7075-AHN
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C [F/cm 2 ] Rcorr [ohm*cm 2 ] Rcorr
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Visual TTF [hours] Table 6.2. Param
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of Metallast pre-treatment, which h
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Prediction of the TTF obtained by A
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5.6.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spe
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5.6.2.2.1 Coating system descriptio
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Table 6.4. Processing parameters fo
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population of total TTF vectors th
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components of the impedance and the
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Figure 6.17. EIS spectra for sample
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Figure 6.18. Kaplan-Meier survival
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Maximum c i range Maximum ci range
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The type and number of input neuron
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Predicted TTF The BFM method, intro
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The most significant variables to i
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5.6.3 Characterization of Pigment D
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of sputtering gold and carbon paint
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Figure 6.26. Cross-sectional view o
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Figure 6.28. EDX maps of primer cro
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Figure 6.31. EDX maps of primer cro
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In Figure 6.34, Ca and Si existed a
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Table 6.8. Average percentage resid
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strictly limited due to the barrier
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Figure 6.37. Coating systems in det
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Each corrosion volume of scribed ar
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) 1200 1000 80
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) Corrosion Ra
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Corrosion Rate (mm/yr) Corrosion Vo
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Corrosion Area (mm 2 ) corrosion ra
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corrosion rate (mm/yr) Corrosion Vo
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Corrosion Volume (mm/yr) Corrosion
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ate, PPG CA7233 coated samples had
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Appendix 6B Table 6B.1. Corrosion v
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Table 6B.3. Corrosion rate of sampl
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Table 6B.5. Corrosion area of sampl
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5.7. Task 7: Characterization of Lo
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at 65C. After using DI water to rin
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Transmission Mode Conduct EIS measu
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Cdl(F/cm 2 ) Rp(.cm 2 ) relatively
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pit bottom area (cm 2 ) pit bottom
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2days 2days 1mm 1mm 7days 7days Pit
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(a) (b) Si Si O Al Na Ca K Si Al-Cu
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Pit 1 and pit 2 as shown in Figure
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In these experiments, Deft primers
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For the case of as-deposited thin f
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3. L. Balazs, Physica E, 54, 1183-1
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and subsequently re-oxidized in two
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not represent true adhesion strengt
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• The pit morphology in 0.5 M NaC
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Appendix 2. List of Scientific/Tech
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“The Secret Life of Chromate Free