Good practices for Social inclusion - Case studies and summary

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Introduction and Background Introduction EMPOWERS stands for Euro-Mediterranean Participatory Water Resources Scenarios. The project aimed to improve the health and livelihoods of people who are most marginalized in their access to fresh water through better management of water resources. EMPOWERS developed and tested approaches, methods and tools to involve poor and otherwise marginalised groups. The underlying goal was to achieve more sustainable, efficient and equitable access to and use of water resources. The project had four specific objectives: − Increasing the influence of stakeholders -particularly the poorest and most marginalized- on the planning and decision making process for the use and management of water resources. − Enhancing vertical and horizontal linkages and information flows between water stakeholders. − Demonstrating effectiveness of the approach through pilot projects. − Documenting the learning process. EMPOWERS developed its approaches and tools and tested them through pilot projects in the three different locations (Table 6) Table 6: Empowers locations Country and governorate Jordan (Balqa Governorate) Palestine (Jenin Governorate) Egypt (Ihnazia Districtin Beni Suef Governorate) Selected communities Damya, Rweiha and Subeihi Jalboun, Arraneh and Qabatya Kassab, Masharqa and Maseed EMPOWERS was led by CARE International (an independent humanitarian organisation) and mainly funded through the European Union's MEDA (Euro-Mediterranean) Water Programme for Local Water Management. Other funding agencies were CARE International; International Water and Sanitation Centre and Personnel Services Overseas (PSO) 82 . Fifteen organizations collaborated on the project facilitation and implementation: In Egypt: Development Research and Technological Planning Center (DRTPC), Cairo University; Center for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) Egyptian Water Partnership (EWP); National Water Research Centre (NWRC); Federation for Environment Protection and Enhancement (FEPI) ; Coptic Evangelic Organization for Social Services (CEOSS; CARE Egypt. In Jordan: Ministry of Agriculture, Queen Zein Al Sharaf Institute for Development in Jordan (ZENID), CARE Jordan. In Palestine: Union of Agricultural Work Committees in Palestine (UAWC), Palestinian Hydrology Group (PHG); CARE West Bank/Gaza. Regional partners were IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, the Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources Development and Management (INWRDAM) and CARE International. 82 The project budget was approximately 5 million Euros 109
Background As qualified in the next section, freshwater is the scarcest resource in the Middle East and contributes to conflict in the region (Jägerskog and Phillips 2006, UNDP 2006). Sustainably managing water resources is of essential importance for life and livelihoods and is directly related to good governance (UNDP 2006). Water resources issues The annual availability of fresh water in the Middle East fell from an average of 3,300 cubic meters per person in 1960 to less than 1,250 cubic meters per person in 1995 (World Bank, 1996), the lowest per capita water availability in the world (UNDP 2006). Renewable water resources are about 335 km 3 /year and it is estimated that by 2025, this will drop to less than half of the 1995 level. Compared to other countries in the region, Egypt has a relatively high per capita availability of water, but the demand exceeds the supply. Jordan and Palestine are among the countries with the world's lowest per capita availability of water (UNDP 2006). Water shortages and unequal distribution at community level are impacted by the political situation and dynamics at national level. Egypt, Palestine and Jordan rely heavily on water resources that lie in part beyond their borders 83 . In the West Bank, water scarcity is compounded by Israel‘s control over access to water. In Jordan, waves of refugees from Palestine and Iraq further increase the pressure on limited fresh-water resources (Jägerskog and Phillips 2006). Scarcity and decline of freshwater are major development constraints. The adverse affects of increasing conflicts over control of and access to water resources are especially felt by the poor and marginalised (Skoet and Stamoulis 2006, UNDP 2006, DFID 2007). Water governance Water governance refers to the set of systems that controls decision-making with regard to water management and water service delivery; it includes all the relationships, mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which stakeholders can mediate their interests, exercise their rights and obligations and make decisions for the delivery and provision of services (Moriarty et al. 2007 1 , De la Harpe 2007). Water governance is widely recognized as an essential element of poverty reduction (DFID 2007, UNDP Water Governance programme). Reviews of water policy and water institutions in the region have concluded they need strengthening around issues of accountability and democratic participation (World Bank 2007). Egypt, Jordan, and Palestine have approved National Water Resources Plans which include shifts towards decentralization and Integrated Water Resource Management. However, the World Bank MENA 84 Development Report concludes that: “Those who would benefit from reforms—farmers, environmentalists, and poor households on the edges of cities—have not been able to form effective lobby groups. 83 The Palestinian population relies almost totally on transboundary water, most of it shared with Israel. On the West Bank, Israeli settlers consume an average of 620 m 3 per person annually and Palestinians less than 100 m 3 . 97% of Egypt‘s water needs depend on the flow of the river Nile, which it shares with ten other countries (Burundi, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda) (UNDP 2006). 84 The term MENA generally includes all the Arab Middle East and North Africa countries 110
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018530 - SWITCH Sustainable Water M
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Table of Contents From social ex
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From social exclusion to inclusion!
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were unable to form lobby groups wa
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Executive Summary The Participatory
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Social Inclusion in Amrawy Amrawy a
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(including representatives of the e
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Table 1 : A number of local develop
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local market, the shops in which we
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Executive Summary The Basic Urban S
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The local context Kotte wanted to b
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Photograph 2. Consultative meeting
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Composition of the Working Group at
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Eventually, the BUS project Working
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5. Any community development projec
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Abstract This case study on citizen
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location. The longest distance from
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The SWITCH demonstration site The l
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In 2004, Wilhelmsburg counted 48.32
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This specific platform operates in
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). Until 2002, up to seven working
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Infrastructure development: develop
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2. The participation should start a
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These examples make clear that the
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the SWITCH programme. Anyway it is
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References Baumann & Ackermann (199
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Making urban sanitation strategies
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Indonesia - an overview Urban Sanit
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year due to bad sanitation 25 . A W
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Outline of the case study The next
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Fig 6 Grease trap and baffle reacto
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court. In the peri-urban areas of P
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hygiene and poor men‘s and women
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Regulation and legislation Further
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Eco-toilet Metal sheet door, tiled
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conditions, operational procedures
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Page 86 and 87: Annex 1 : Community Self-Assessment
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Page 104 and 105: adolescent boys, girls; old women a
Page 106 and 107: Denpasar Technical Administration M
Page 108 and 109: Brazil and beyond: lessons from par
Page 110 and 111: Participatory budgeting in Brazil T
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Page 116 and 117: Positive outcomes in the north of E
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Page 122 and 123: Positive outcomes of the MTA proces
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Page 126 and 127: Some practical guidance Analyse the
Page 128 and 129: Including marginalised groups in eq
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Page 134 and 135: The EMPOWERS Project Guiding Princi
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Page 138 and 139: planning cycle, actions plan that w
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Page 144 and 145: Important longer-term indicators of
Page 146 and 147: http://www.irc.nl/content/download/
Page 148: Annex 1 : Examples of Selected pilo
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