Good practices for Social inclusion - Case studies and summary

Fig 6 Grease trap and baffle reactor Fig. 7 Rich households.... ....pay the same fees as the poor
Communal sanitation blocks(MCKs)
Sanitation blocks, known as M(andir), C(ucil), K(akus) for bathing, laundry and
defecation, are widespread. They are managed by the municipality or the Rukun
Tetangga or RT (=neighbourhood association). The usual fee is Rp 100 (about one US
dollar cent) per visit. RTs use the collected funds for maintenance. Demand is high,
but payment capacity low. Poor women would like to earn extra income to finance the
MCK use. When poorly managed, MCKs are disliked: they are dirty, smelly, lack
water, have no separate sections for women and men and long queues at peak hours.
People then prefer open defecation near water.
Some neighbourhoods run MCKs well. In one Surakarta neighbourhood, the users
voluntarily operated it on a roster basis. The women cleaned and disinfected toilets
after use (Fig. 8) and collected payments during the day and their husbands did so at
night to ensure a 24 hours‘ service. A well with diesel pump provided water whenever
piped water supply was interrupted. A mixed committee did the overall management.
The facility was very clean, but too small to meet peak time demand.
An alternative piloted in Denpasar is the MCK+. This includes sludge treatment so
that there is no untreated sludge disposal into rivers, a widespread urban sanitation
problem (Fig. 11). The MCK+ is beautiful (Fig. 10), but its investment costs equalled
that of 15 neighbourhood MCKs and it is not community-managed and cost-covering.
The NGO employs the operator and manages the service. Not counting population
growth, the city would need 19-30 years to serve all poor neighbourhoods with these
facilities.
Fig. 8 Cleaning after each use Fig. 9 Operator also disinfects Fig. 10 MCK+: pretty but costly
Community campaign for on-site household toilets
The agricultural town of Payakumbuh in Sumatra has a strong Health Department. It
carried out a successful toilet campaign with poor refugees resettled in the city
outskirts after a volcano outbreak. Within three months, 30 of the 40 households had
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