Introductory Physics Volume Two

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162 Geometric Optics 8.3 θ i θ r Mirror Fact: Law of reflection The incident and reflected angles are the same. θ i = θ r § 8.3 Virtual Image Let us draw some of the other rays that come from the source. Notice that each ray obeys the law of reflection. This may look a little confusing, but if we trace the reflected ray back through the mirror, we see that they all converge on the same point. Object Virtual Image
8.4 Snell’s Law 163 We see then that from the point of view of an observer of the reflected rays, it appears that the object is really behind the mirror, because all of the rays appear to come from that one point. Our brain makes the simplest conclusions and assumes that the rays come in a straight line, not in the bent line that they actually followed. This type of image is called a virtual image of the object since the light does not actually come from the image. We will see later, ways in which it is possible to construct a real image. § 8.4 Snell’s Law When a ray of light strikes an interface between two different media, some of the light is reflected, and some of the light is transmitted through the interface. n i n t θ i θ r θ t Note that both the reflected and transmitted beams are deflected from their original direction. The angle at which the transmitted ray leaves the interface is given by Snell’s Law. Fact: Snell’s Law n t sin θ t = n i sin θ i We can use Snell’s law to explain a strange phenomenon that you may have noticed. If you view a fish tank from the corner, you can see objects in the tank through the front glass and the side glass at the same time. This is because of the bending of the light when it leaves the water. The effect is depicted in the diagram below.
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1 Introductory Physics Volume Two S
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1.1 Electric Charge 3 Demo 1 Electr
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1.1 Electric Charge 5 Then charge a
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- - - - - 1.2 Coulomb’s Law 7 How
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1.2 Coulomb’s Law 9 Example Consi
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1.3 Electric Field 11 + - Compute t
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1.3 Electric Field 13 points a well
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1.3 Electric Field 15 Look back now
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1.5 Continuous Charge Distributions
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1.6 Gauss’s Law 19 § 1.6 Gauss
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1.6 Gauss’s Law 21 Suppose that y
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1.7 More Examples 23 ⊲ Problem 1.
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1.7 More Examples 25 The net force
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1.7 More Examples 27 out the net fo
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1.7 More Examples 29 -4q +2q -q E -
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1.7 More Examples 31 The area vecto
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1.8 Homework 33 ⊲ Problem 1.14 Ri
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1.9 Summary 35 § 1.9 Summary Defin
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2.1 Electric Potential 37 2 Electri
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2.1 Electric Potential 39 Example S
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2.2 Equipotentials 41 ⊲ Problem 2
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2.3 Conductors in Equilibrium 43
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2.4 Capacitors 45 § 2.4 Capacitors
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2.5 Energy in an Electric Field 47
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2.7 More Examples 49 ⊲ Problem 2.
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2.7 More Examples 51 The resulting
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2.8 Homework 53 add up potential du
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2.8 Homework 55 ⊲ Problem 2.27 Ho
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3.2 Electric Current 57 3 Circuits
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3.3 Ohm’s Law 59 Some materials,
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3.5 Kirchhoff’s Rules 61 ⊲ Prob
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3.6 Resistors in Combination 63 par
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3.8 Capacitor Circuits 65 Theorem:
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3.9 More Examples 67 Note that the
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3.9 More Examples 69 This mean that
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3.9 More Examples 71 15Ω 5Ω 10Ω
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3.9 More Examples 73 First combine
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3.10 Homework 75 ⊲ Problem 3.16 B
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3.10 Homework 77 4 µF + - 2 µF +
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3.11 Summary 79 § 3.11 Summary Def
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4.2 Magnetic Force on a Current 81
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4.3 Trajectories Under Magnetic For
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4.4 Lorentz Force 85 with a charge
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4.5 Hall Effect 87 But this charge
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4.6 More Examples 89 -e F E v F B =
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4.6 More Examples 91 The force on t
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4.7 Homework 93 Imagine the closed
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4.7 Homework 95 circular orbits. Wr
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5.1 Sources of Magnetic Field 97 5
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5.1 Sources of Magnetic Field 99
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5.2 Ampere’s Law 101 and ⃗ dr s
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5.2 Ampere’s Law 103 This satisfi
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5.4 More Examples 105 distance r fr
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5.4 More Examples 107 up the integr
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5.4 More Examples 109 Use the Biot-
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Page 153 and 154: 7.9 Thin Film Interference 153 pass
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Page 187 and 188: B Index 187 † Ohm’s Law: Resist
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Page 191 and 192: C Power Series Expansions 191 The F
Page 193: D Unit Prefixes 193 § D.3 Fundamen
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