Introductory Physics Volume Two

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192 Physical Constants and Data D D Physical Constants and Data § D.1 Index of Refraction (at λ=589.3 nm, from wikipedia.org) Material Index Vacuum 1 (exactly) Helium 1.000036 Air at STP 1.0002926 carbon dioxide 1.00045 water ice 1.31 liquid water (20C) 1.333 ethanol 1.36 glycerine 1.47 polycarbonate 1.59 glass (typical) 1.5 to 1.9 cubic zirconia 2.2 diamond 2.4 moissanite 2.7 gallium phosphide 3.5 gallium arsenide 3.9 silicon 4.0 § D.2 Approximate Electrical Conductivity (from wikipedia.org) Material Ω −1 · m −1 Silver 63.0 × 10 6 Copper 59.6 × 10 6 Gold 45.0 × 10 6 Aluminium 37.8 × 10 6 Brass 20.0 × 10 6 Iron 10.0 × 10 6 Bronze 7.0 × 10 6 Lead 4.8 × 10 6 Stainless Steel 1.4 × 10 6 Seawater 5.0 × 10 0 Drinking water 5.0 × 10 −3 Deionized water 5.5 × 10 −6 Glass ∼ 10 −12 Rubber ∼ 10 −13
D Unit Prefixes 193 § D.3 Fundamental Constants speed of light c 2.99792458 × 10 8 m s (exact) Planck constant h 6.6260755(40) × 10 −34 J · s hc 1239.8424(93) eV · nm 1240 eV · nm ¯h 1.05457266(63) × 10 −34 J · s ¯hc 197.327053(59) eV · nm fundamental charge e 1.60217733(49) × 10 −19 C mass of electron m e 9.1093897(54) × 10 −31 kg 0.51099906(15) MeV/c 2 mass of proton m p 1.672631(10) × 10 −27 kg 938.27231(28) MeV/c 2 Boltzman constant k 1.380658(12) × 10 −23 J/K 8.617385(73) × 10 −5 eV/K Avogadro number N A 6.0221367(36) × 10 23 permeability of free space µ 0 4π × 10 −7 N/A 2 (exact) permittivity of free space ɛ 0 1/(µ 0 c 2 ) (exact) 8.854187817 × 10 −12 C 2 /N · m 2 1 4πɛ 0 8.99 × 10 9 N · m 2 /C 2 gravitational constant G 6.67259(85) × 10 −11 m 2 /kg · s § D.4 Unit Conversions 1 m 3.28 ft 1.6 km 1 mile 1 mile 5280 ft 1 hp 746 W 1 liter 1 × 10 −3 m 3 1 gallon 3.79 liters 1 atm 1.013 × 10 5 Pa 1 J 0.239 cal 1 kcal 4186 J § D.5 Unit Prefixes f femto 10 −15 p pico 10 −12 n nano 10 −9 µ micro 10 −6 m milli 10 −3 k kilo 10 3 M mega 10 6 G giga 10 9 T tera 10 12
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1 Introductory Physics Volume Two S
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1.1 Electric Charge 3 Demo 1 Electr
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1.1 Electric Charge 5 Then charge a
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- - - - - 1.2 Coulomb’s Law 7 How
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1.2 Coulomb’s Law 9 Example Consi
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1.3 Electric Field 11 + - Compute t
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1.3 Electric Field 13 points a well
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1.3 Electric Field 15 Look back now
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1.5 Continuous Charge Distributions
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1.6 Gauss’s Law 19 § 1.6 Gauss
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1.6 Gauss’s Law 21 Suppose that y
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1.7 More Examples 23 ⊲ Problem 1.
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1.7 More Examples 25 The net force
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1.7 More Examples 27 out the net fo
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1.7 More Examples 29 -4q +2q -q E -
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1.7 More Examples 31 The area vecto
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1.8 Homework 33 ⊲ Problem 1.14 Ri
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1.9 Summary 35 § 1.9 Summary Defin
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2.1 Electric Potential 37 2 Electri
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2.1 Electric Potential 39 Example S
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2.2 Equipotentials 41 ⊲ Problem 2
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2.3 Conductors in Equilibrium 43
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2.4 Capacitors 45 § 2.4 Capacitors
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2.5 Energy in an Electric Field 47
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2.7 More Examples 49 ⊲ Problem 2.
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2.7 More Examples 51 The resulting
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2.8 Homework 53 add up potential du
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2.8 Homework 55 ⊲ Problem 2.27 Ho
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3.2 Electric Current 57 3 Circuits
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3.3 Ohm’s Law 59 Some materials,
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3.5 Kirchhoff’s Rules 61 ⊲ Prob
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3.6 Resistors in Combination 63 par
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3.8 Capacitor Circuits 65 Theorem:
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3.9 More Examples 67 Note that the
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3.9 More Examples 69 This mean that
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3.9 More Examples 71 15Ω 5Ω 10Ω
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3.9 More Examples 73 First combine
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3.10 Homework 75 ⊲ Problem 3.16 B
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3.10 Homework 77 4 µF + - 2 µF +
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3.11 Summary 79 § 3.11 Summary Def
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4.2 Magnetic Force on a Current 81
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4.3 Trajectories Under Magnetic For
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4.4 Lorentz Force 85 with a charge
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4.5 Hall Effect 87 But this charge
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4.6 More Examples 89 -e F E v F B =
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4.6 More Examples 91 The force on t
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4.7 Homework 93 Imagine the closed
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4.7 Homework 95 circular orbits. Wr
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5.1 Sources of Magnetic Field 97 5
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5.1 Sources of Magnetic Field 99
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5.2 Ampere’s Law 101 and ⃗ dr s
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5.2 Ampere’s Law 103 This satisfi
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5.4 More Examples 105 distance r fr
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5.4 More Examples 107 up the integr
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5.4 More Examples 109 Use the Biot-
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5.5 Homework 111 The magnetic force
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5.5 Homework 113 3.00 A 1.00 A 1 mm
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6.2 Faraday’s Law 115 6 Time Vary
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6.2 Faraday’s Law 117 Definition:
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6.3 Maxwell’s Extension of Ampere
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6.4 Inductance 121 Example Suppose
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6.7 AC Circuit Elements 123 + V S-
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6.8 Phasor Diagrams 125 Theorem: Im
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6.8 Phasor Diagrams 127 What we wan
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6.9 Homework 129 ⊲ Problem 6.6 Sh
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6.9 Homework 131 (b) A small circul
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6.9 Homework 133 maximum current in
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6.10 Summary 135 § 6.10 Summary De
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7.1 Maxwell Equations 137 7 Wave Op
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7.2 Describing Oscillations 139 tio
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Page 161 and 162: 8.2 Reflection 161 8 Geometric Opti
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Page 187 and 188: B Index 187 † Ohm’s Law: Resist
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Page 191: C Power Series Expansions 191 The F
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