AIDJEX Bulletin #40 - Polar Science Center - University of Washington

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35 30 25 v) > 0 2 20 LL 0 r= E m 15 I 3 z IO JANUARY SOP / 1 A DEPLOYMENTS I 60- I- z 0 x I 50- 0 a W n W 40- > 0 J a W n 30- v) > 0 3 20- iL 0 5 0 Figure 1. 25 35 45 55 65 LATITUDE Estitiiated distribution of buoys with latitude south for the first and second special observing periods. tude south for the second special observinq period are also shown in the hatched area. Planned deployments of buoys with lati- The plan elliphasizes mid-lati tudes and sur.ir:ier deploymnts. W m L 3 z 2 3 4 5 6 1978 1 2 1 ' 1979 MONTHS Figure 2. The schedule for buoy deployments showinq heavy emphasis on summer deployment.
of ships-of-opportunity, the primary method of deployment. There are few enough ships south of the Antarctic convergence in the summer, and virtually none in the winter. The emphasis on contributions of ship time from participating countries to deploy buoys, rather than pushing for equivalent contributions of aircraft time, reflects the strong ship-based oceanographic background of most persons involved in data buoy developments. This has placed unnecessary restrictions on the strategies for data buoy deployments in FGGE. Aircraft deployment is essentially the only choice available in the Arctic Ocean, and has been in use for more than 20 years. Parachute deployment of buoys has been an important recent development, with about 50 buoys deployed without a failure in the past two years. Several successful tests of parachute deployment of drifting buoys have been made into open water, including the successful operation of thermistor strings and barometric pressure sensors after such drops. Both open ocean spar buoyand buoys that sit on top of the ice have worked for as much as a full year. Controlled tests of the ice-sitting version have shown pressure measurements better than 0.3 mb and daily average temperature measurements within l0C over a four-month period. Parachute deployment of buoys has been shown to be a practical technique. The Antarctic continent, and the area covered by sea ice that surrounds it, is the most difficult place on the globe to fly to in the winter. Most of the continent, and the entire ocean area surrounding it, can be reached from four major southern hemisphere cities using an aircraft with 4500 km (2700 n. mi.) operating radius (Fig. 3). With a standard fuel load, the C-141 Starlifter, a jet cargo aircraft, can operate at this radius with a 650 km (400 n. mi.) reserve. The C-130 Hercules, a turboprop cargo plane in commercial and government service throughout the world, can operate to a radius of 3000 km (1800 n. mi.) with a 500 km (33 n. mi.) reserve. Operating from a smaller airstrip at the tip of South America, a C-130 could reach the same locations near Antarctica as a C-141 flying from Buenos Aires. Similarly, there are other areas throughout the world where smaller aircraft can be used, sometimes out of more remote airstrips, to deploy data buoys where and when they are needed. 105
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DATA BUOYS AIDJEX BULLETIN No. 40 J
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NOTE TO FRIENDS, AND BYSTANDERS . .
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SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS I
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milestones, kept the vendor working
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The scene during deployment of HF-N
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The initial AIDJEX scientific plan
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poizr-orbiting satellite, which is
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t@ the spacecraft during each orbit
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BUOY NAHE COMMUN. COMMANDS FIXES TA
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L( 0 I 2 3 4 3 Radial error, kilome
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The buoy will be subjected to tempe
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nics occupy about 12 feet of the 17
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Ill -- - KEY AIUJEX WIN WW AEBa 0 4
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event that a melt pond should form
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chute supplied by Paranetics Inc. i
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6'" IqORGANIC LITHIUM BP.TTEI?Y IMP
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OM (AD RAMS) UREMEN~ \ AIRDROP N m
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provides a grid from which geostrop
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words; a four-bit air temperature w
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PERFORMANCE OF MET/OCEAN BUOYS IN A
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Sensor samples were taken every thr
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strengths are known, were used with
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the ice (causing reduced shear). An
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(McPhee, Mangum, and Martin) , TABL
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70°N 75'N n 3 P 17OOW (D Y 170°W
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12OOW * U Station 25. Xeasurements
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(McPhee , Mangum, and Martin) 2701
Page 56 and 57: (McPhee, Mangum, and Martin) a 0 a
Page 58 and 59: "i BUOY 4 I 43 360- 309- 257 206 15
Page 60 and 61: a30gl 251 I 60 511 r 43 BUOY 4 I
Page 62 and 63: n 4, (McPhee, Mangum, and Martin) 8
Page 64 and 65: (McPhee, Mangum, and Martin) 33 W c
Page 66 and 67: . '-,..I.. . B A R R O W W I N D S
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Page 70 and 71: I 25 23 t h--:!li[ NCI PiHCEl4l 22
Page 72 and 73: .5 .4 .3 0 A R 2 R 0 W J - 0 B U -
Page 74 and 75: 9 1.5 1.0 c 8 w .5 R 930 $ 565 1000
Page 76 and 77: Clock corrections were applied rout
Page 78 and 79: Q) u o z z i 4- 4- Z + + z f n 9 Ef
Page 80 and 81: TABLE 1 DIFFERENCES IN DAILY TEMPER
Page 82 and 83: Laboratory calibration of the ADRAM
Page 84 and 85: 3.20- - 1 t W o? 2 3.051 ...:-.;..
Page 86 and 87: POSITION MEASUREMENTS OF AIDJEX MAN
Page 88 and 89: some redundancy. Four points were u
Page 90 and 91: 75.5 75.: - E75.1 LLI % y75.c - 1 1
Page 92 and 93: The translocation principle removes
Page 94 and 95: POSITION ACCURACY To evaluate the q
Page 96 and 97: TABLE 1 STAND-ALONE ACCURACY 68th P
Page 98 and 99: Az i mu t h s When both receivers a
Page 100 and 101: DATA PROCESSING Following the field
Page 102 and 103: model ice motion in the statistical
Page 104 and 105: FREC 1 INCY / DOPPLER / FREQUENCY /
Page 108 and 109: An example of a large-scale buoy ar
Page 110 and 111: observations are needed in remote a
Page 112 and 113: useful for determining how various
Page 114 and 115: as well as velocity fields, we must
Page 116 and 117: Since small changes in the yield su
Page 118 and 119: The transformation of the system of
Page 120 and 121: e able to judge how well such a mod
Page 122 and 123: then the flow rule becomes Q = +A -
Page 124 and 125: [-B' -F Finally, we eliminate Carte
Page 126 and 127: differential equation. 2. Discontin
Page 128 and 129: Substituting (36) and (37) into (34
Page 130 and 131: arbitrarily assign the values of 1
Page 132 and 133: The special case when advection can
Page 134 and 135: TABLE 1 STRETCHING, STRESS, ASP CHA
Page 136 and 137: ate of deformation, we have normali
Page 138 and 139: CHARACTERISTIC EQUATIONS The ordina
Page 140 and 141: One way to circumvent the problems
Page 142 and 143: The equations governing solutions a
Page 144 and 145: It is readily seen that when body f
Page 146 and 147: which may be substituted into equat
Page 148 and 149: a the stress derivative dCldS remai
Page 150 and 151: Although we have not studied in thi
Page 152 and 153: Courant, R., and D. Hilbert. 1962.
Page 154 and 155: A RESEARCH PLAN TO TEST THE AIDJEX
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the barges managed to reach their d
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APPROACH A baseline simulation 0-f
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SENSITIVITY OF ICE RESPONSE TO DIFF
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Since free drift of ice is computed
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and what is observed becomes less i
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stresses appear to be relatively un
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ehavior is directly related to accu
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TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF ESTIMATED ERR
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a) Base line b) 24-hour prediction
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\ / a) Base line b) 24- hour predi
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a) Base line b) 24- hour predi ct i
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\ / a) Base line b) 24-hour predict
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.. a) Base line b) 24- hour predict
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J2 a) Base line b) 24-hour predicti
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) 24-hour prediction c) 36-hour pre
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8 Figure 17. AIDJEX surface pressur
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APPENDIX 1 AIDJEX DATA FILES 1. Pos
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9A. Surface-1 eve1 ai r pressure (d
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19. Surface pressure (Val i dated)
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APPENDIX 2 AIDJEX DATA TRANSFERRED
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I -7-71327GEO A Cards (continued) 7
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B Cards (continued) 201
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AIDJEX Bulletin #40 - Polar Science Center - University of Washington

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