AIDJEX Bulletin #40 - Polar Science Center - University of Washington

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An example of a large-scale buoy array planned for deployment by aircraft during the FGGE is shown in Figure 4. This array of 20-30 buoys would be deployed in the fall of 1978 using four C-130 flights. The availability of airstrips in Canada and Greenland closer to the Arctic Basin than Thule makes the majority of the deployments feasible from smaller aircraft such as the DHC-6 Twin Otter. When a major purpose of a buoy deployment is to collect surface barometric pressure data for a full year, there is good reason for concern about calibration drift of the sensor. It is always economic to invest in a sensor in which confidence can be placed for the duration without resorting to field checks. These is some evidence that we are approaching a time when several different sensors will merit this confidence. For the FGGE, where many different types of sensors are to be deployed by many different groups, it may be desirable to check the calibrations prior to the second special observing period. Again, aircraft offer a means of carrying out this task efficiently, since the same large distances covered during deployments are involved in overflying buoys for calibration. Since, to achieve maximum range, turbine engines used in long-range aircraft must be operated at altitudes of 20,000-40,000 feet, it is impractical to consider low-level flights to measure surface pressure directly. This problem is compounded by the real difficulty of measuring static pressure from a fast-moving aircraft. Instead, the calibration can be made by dropping pressure sensors to the surface with radio telemetry to the aircraft. This technique is common for temperature sounding, which will be carried out during the FGGE over large areas of the tropical oceans from C-141 aircraft. The pressure sensor added to such dropsondes need not be expensive, since it would be expected to operate for less than an hour and through only one pressure excursion. Provision for survival of the dropsondes after water or sea ice landing would be necessary to allow the temperature of the sensor to stabilize so that several minutes of good data could be collected. Parachute deployment of data buoys, together with the proven performance of satellite data collection and tracking, aremaking dramatic changes in the nature of studies of Arctic air-ice-ocean interaction. It seems likely that aircraft deployments will play an increasingly important role wherever surface 106
Figure 3. Coverage of the Southern Ocean possible within 4500 km (2700 n. mi.) of major southern helllisphere cities. The dots and circles represent buoy locations and deployment sites, respectively, as shown in the draft deployment plan. Figure 4. An example of flight tracks needed to b deploy a large-scale array in the Arctic Ocean.
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DATA BUOYS AIDJEX BULLETIN No. 40 J
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NOTE TO FRIENDS, AND BYSTANDERS . .
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SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS I
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milestones, kept the vendor working
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The scene during deployment of HF-N
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The initial AIDJEX scientific plan
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poizr-orbiting satellite, which is
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t@ the spacecraft during each orbit
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BUOY NAHE COMMUN. COMMANDS FIXES TA
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L( 0 I 2 3 4 3 Radial error, kilome
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The buoy will be subjected to tempe
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nics occupy about 12 feet of the 17
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Ill -- - KEY AIUJEX WIN WW AEBa 0 4
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event that a melt pond should form
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chute supplied by Paranetics Inc. i
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6'" IqORGANIC LITHIUM BP.TTEI?Y IMP
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OM (AD RAMS) UREMEN~ \ AIRDROP N m
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provides a grid from which geostrop
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words; a four-bit air temperature w
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PERFORMANCE OF MET/OCEAN BUOYS IN A
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Sensor samples were taken every thr
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strengths are known, were used with
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the ice (causing reduced shear). An
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(McPhee, Mangum, and Martin) , TABL
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70°N 75'N n 3 P 17OOW (D Y 170°W
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12OOW * U Station 25. Xeasurements
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(McPhee , Mangum, and Martin) 2701
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(McPhee, Mangum, and Martin) a 0 a
Page 58 and 59: "i BUOY 4 I 43 360- 309- 257 206 15
Page 60 and 61: a30gl 251 I 60 511 r 43 BUOY 4 I
Page 62 and 63: n 4, (McPhee, Mangum, and Martin) 8
Page 64 and 65: (McPhee, Mangum, and Martin) 33 W c
Page 66 and 67: . '-,..I.. . B A R R O W W I N D S
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Page 70 and 71: I 25 23 t h--:!li[ NCI PiHCEl4l 22
Page 72 and 73: .5 .4 .3 0 A R 2 R 0 W J - 0 B U -
Page 74 and 75: 9 1.5 1.0 c 8 w .5 R 930 $ 565 1000
Page 76 and 77: Clock corrections were applied rout
Page 78 and 79: Q) u o z z i 4- 4- Z + + z f n 9 Ef
Page 80 and 81: TABLE 1 DIFFERENCES IN DAILY TEMPER
Page 82 and 83: Laboratory calibration of the ADRAM
Page 84 and 85: 3.20- - 1 t W o? 2 3.051 ...:-.;..
Page 86 and 87: POSITION MEASUREMENTS OF AIDJEX MAN
Page 88 and 89: some redundancy. Four points were u
Page 90 and 91: 75.5 75.: - E75.1 LLI % y75.c - 1 1
Page 92 and 93: The translocation principle removes
Page 94 and 95: POSITION ACCURACY To evaluate the q
Page 96 and 97: TABLE 1 STAND-ALONE ACCURACY 68th P
Page 98 and 99: Az i mu t h s When both receivers a
Page 100 and 101: DATA PROCESSING Following the field
Page 102 and 103: model ice motion in the statistical
Page 104 and 105: FREC 1 INCY / DOPPLER / FREQUENCY /
Page 106 and 107: 35 30 25 v) > 0 2 20 LL 0 r= E m 15
Page 110 and 111: observations are needed in remote a
Page 112 and 113: useful for determining how various
Page 114 and 115: as well as velocity fields, we must
Page 116 and 117: Since small changes in the yield su
Page 118 and 119: The transformation of the system of
Page 120 and 121: e able to judge how well such a mod
Page 122 and 123: then the flow rule becomes Q = +A -
Page 124 and 125: [-B' -F Finally, we eliminate Carte
Page 126 and 127: differential equation. 2. Discontin
Page 128 and 129: Substituting (36) and (37) into (34
Page 130 and 131: arbitrarily assign the values of 1
Page 132 and 133: The special case when advection can
Page 134 and 135: TABLE 1 STRETCHING, STRESS, ASP CHA
Page 136 and 137: ate of deformation, we have normali
Page 138 and 139: CHARACTERISTIC EQUATIONS The ordina
Page 140 and 141: One way to circumvent the problems
Page 142 and 143: The equations governing solutions a
Page 144 and 145: It is readily seen that when body f
Page 146 and 147: which may be substituted into equat
Page 148 and 149: a the stress derivative dCldS remai
Page 150 and 151: Although we have not studied in thi
Page 152 and 153: Courant, R., and D. Hilbert. 1962.
Page 154 and 155: A RESEARCH PLAN TO TEST THE AIDJEX
Page 156 and 157: the barges managed to reach their d
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APPROACH A baseline simulation 0-f
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SENSITIVITY OF ICE RESPONSE TO DIFF
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Since free drift of ice is computed
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and what is observed becomes less i
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stresses appear to be relatively un
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ehavior is directly related to accu
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TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF ESTIMATED ERR
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a) Base line b) 24-hour prediction
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\ / a) Base line b) 24- hour predi
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a) Base line b) 24- hour predi ct i
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\ / a) Base line b) 24-hour predict
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.. a) Base line b) 24- hour predict
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J2 a) Base line b) 24-hour predicti
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) 24-hour prediction c) 36-hour pre
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8 Figure 17. AIDJEX surface pressur
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APPENDIX 1 AIDJEX DATA FILES 1. Pos
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9A. Surface-1 eve1 ai r pressure (d
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19. Surface pressure (Val i dated)
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APPENDIX 2 AIDJEX DATA TRANSFERRED
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I -7-71327GEO A Cards (continued) 7
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B Cards (continued) 201
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AIDJEX Bulletin #40 - Polar Science Center - University of Washington

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