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Review Article examples in which Enlightened princes, governments, or social groups employed a non-verbal language. Making us aware of this hitherto rather neglected side of the Enlightenment is one of the great assets of Umbach’s case study. Historians of the eighteenth century, therefore, will have to learn how to decode the visual semiotics of the Enlightenment lest they should miss essential aspects of the eighteenth century’s intellectual agenda. The Enlightenment was a war not of words, but of thoughts which could be expressed in more than one way and in more than one language. Only a combination of methods from intellectual, social, and especially cultural history will allow us to draw a comprehensive and multi-faceted picture of the Enlightenment. MICHAEL SCHAICH has been a Research �ellow of the GHIL since 1999. He is the author of Staat und Öffentlichkeit im Kurfürstentum Bayern der Spätaufklärung (2001) and is working on the relationship between monarchy and religion in seventeenth and eighteenth-century England. 56
BOOK REVIEWS KARIN �RIEDRICH, The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), xxi + 280 pp. ISBN 0 521 58335 7. £40.00. $US 64.95 During the first half of the twentieth century, the Estate-based society of late medieval and early modern times fascinated historians from states with very different political systems. The International Historians’ Congress held in Warsaw in 1933, at which east-central and eastern Europe figured much more prominently than they had done at any previous congress, represented an important breakthrough for comparative research on the European Estates. On the initiative of the Belgian historians Emil Lousse and Henri Pirenne, the foundations were laid for the Commission Internationale pour l’Histoire des Assemblées d’Etats, which came into being three years later. To the present day, the commission provides the central institutional framework for this branch of research. The considerable achievements which the commission notched up in its early years demonstrated that ‘Histoire comparative’, proclaimed as a programme at the Paris Congress of 1900, could usefully be applied to the topic of the Estates and their assemblies. But why did the scholars of eastern central Europe in particular study the history of the Estates? Long before and long after 1918, the system of Estates provided a widely used platform on which to articulate social aspirations and to legitimize political actions, or, at times of crisis, to prop up national self-confidence. In more general terms, the Estates were interesting as the bearers of national traditions and reform attempts, they expressed the potential for resistance to all forms of monarchical-autocratic state integration, and they stood for an assumed continuity from the corporative representative assemblies of the past to the parliamentary-democratic constitutional forms of the present. To sum up, it was no coincidence that historians in all the states created after the �irst World War from the Baltic to the Adriatic had a heightened interest in the culture of liberty of eastern central Europe. There were clearly peak times for working on this topic, and they can be correlated with political history. To this extent, to study this topic also involved a contemporary historical and political dimension. 57
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German Historical Institute London
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SEMINARS AT THE GHIL SUMMER 2002 7
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Page 73 and 74: State-Building in 19th-Century Germ
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JAN-WERNER MÜLLER, Another Country
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German Intellectuals, Unification,
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German Intellectuals, Unification,
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BARBARA MARSHALL, The New Germany a
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The New Germany and Migration in Eu
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The New Germany and Migration in Eu
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CON�ERENCE REPORT Three Debates R
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seen against the background of a hi
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full explanation of society’s col
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As a matter of interest to readers,
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Jörg Neuheiser: Popular Conservati
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Prize of the German Historical Inst
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SABINE �REITAG joined the GHIL as
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tury in a comparative perspective.
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choices and dilemmas they faced, th
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Recent Acquisitions LIBRARY NEWS Th
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Benninghaus, Christina (ed.), Regio
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Bonin, Jan and Christophe �ricker
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Dahlmann, Dittmar (ed.), Kinder und
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�arr, James R., Artisans in Europ
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Gellately, Robert, Backing Hitler:
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Herlemann, Beatrix, ‘Wir sind geb
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1923-1939, Deutsche Hochschulschrif
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Lottner, Herbert, Aufstiegswille co
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Mezynski, Andrzej, Kommando Paulsen
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Oswald, Julius and Rita Haub (eds),
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Rose, Jonathan (ed.), The Holocaust
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Schumacher, �rank, Kalter Krieg u
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Thomaneck, Jürgen K. A. and Bill N
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Wagensohn, Tanja, Von Gorbatschow z
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Woods, Roger, The Conservative Revo
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Vol. 11: Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Wo
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Vol. 34: �riedrich Weckerlein, St
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STUDIES O� THE GERMAN HISTORICAL
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Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron:
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Annual Lectures of the German Histo
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