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Book Reviews the �ederal Republic was based, the issue of German national consciousness was troublesome because it seemed that an incomplete Germany could not function as a proper ‘nation-state’. Some urged an intensification of historical recollection to instil national pride into German youth. Others preferred to see West Germany as the harbinger of a new ‘post-national’ era in which the nation-state would lose its importance. Ironically, this discussion was taking place at about the same time as Erich Honecker was trying to give the GDR a bogus national tradition of its own to create the illusion of an independent, socialist Germany. In the West the controversy was given a particularly bitter flavour by intense public discussions about the mass murder of European Jews during the Third Reich. These discussions caused some intellectuals to demand that the stigma of the Holocaust should be removed from the German past to create a ‘normal’ national consciousness, whereas others argued that Auschwitz must be seen as the defining moment in modern German history, leading them to the conclusion that a German nation-state was neither necessary nor desirable. Winkler, who played an important part in such controversies himself, has little time for those on the left who rejected German unification and wanted Germany to play the role of a missionary for post-nationalism, a posture which he regards as being almost as arrogant as that of Reich enthusiasts between the wars. Instead he argues that unification in 1990 established Germany for the first time as an entirely normal nation-state, at peace with itself and in harmony with its neighbours. It is a comforting conclusion, and one with which few who know Germany well will have much to disagree. This is in all respects a remarkable work of scholarship. It is not possible within the space of a review to do justice to the rich variety of thought-provoking comments and original perspectives it contains. It is a book to be read and reread. Many of its judgments are controversial, and it is all the better for that. Perhaps towards the end of the second volume we are led a little too far into the thickets of that most arid of disputations, the German Historikerstreit of the 1980s, and thereafter rather too much attention is paid to the agonizing by left-wing intellectuals when faced with a unified German nation. But these are very minor quibbles. This is a magnum opus on a grand scale. 84
History of Germany from 1806 to Reunification A. J. NICHOLLS is a retired Professor of Modern German History at the University of Oxford and an Emeritus �ellow of St Antony’s College, Oxford. Among his many publications are �reedom with Responsibility: The Social Market Economy in Germany 1918–1963 (1994) and The Bonn Republic: West German Democracy 1945–1990 (1997). 85
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German Historical Institute London
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SEMINARS AT THE GHIL SUMMER 2002 7
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ARTICLE ‘ONE PEOPLE, ONE REICH, O
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The personal, institutional, and id
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These complaints indicate that ther
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attempted to give anti-Semitism a n
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itarian, racist intellectual constr
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The emphasis on nature and a natura
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how ‘population policy and breedi
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ment. But there were exceptions, su
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not just a Weltanschauung with reli
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included neither the Old Testament,
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was opened in 1903. Conceived as a
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Socialism and modern right-wing ext
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REVIEW ARTICLE A WAR O� WORDS? OL
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tioned by social historians, who hi
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choices and dilemmas they faced, th
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Recent Acquisitions LIBRARY NEWS Th
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Benninghaus, Christina (ed.), Regio
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Bonin, Jan and Christophe �ricker
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Dahlmann, Dittmar (ed.), Kinder und
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�arr, James R., Artisans in Europ
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Gellately, Robert, Backing Hitler:
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Herlemann, Beatrix, ‘Wir sind geb
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1923-1939, Deutsche Hochschulschrif
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Lottner, Herbert, Aufstiegswille co
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Mezynski, Andrzej, Kommando Paulsen
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Oswald, Julius and Rita Haub (eds),
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Rose, Jonathan (ed.), The Holocaust
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Schumacher, �rank, Kalter Krieg u
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Thomaneck, Jürgen K. A. and Bill N
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Wagensohn, Tanja, Von Gorbatschow z
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Woods, Roger, The Conservative Revo
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Vol. 11: Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Wo
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Vol. 34: �riedrich Weckerlein, St
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STUDIES O� THE GERMAN HISTORICAL
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Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron:
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Annual Lectures of the German Histo
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