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RUSSIA’S EUROPEAN AGENDA AND THE BALTIC STATES 42. There are the three stages in the history of EU-Russia relations: first, 1994- 1999 – start of formal contacts; second, 1999-2001 (emergence of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP)) – expanding agenda and changing nature of the bilateral relationship; third, since 2001 – step-by-step institutionalisation of EU-Russia cooperation. 43. To be built jointly by Gazprom and Germany’s BASF corporation, that 1189 km section of the pipeline is scheduled for completion in 2010 and will carry gas from the Russian Federation’s South-Russia fields to Germany and Western Europe. Branches to be built later will carry Russian gas to Finland, Sweden, and Great Britain. 44. Lopata, R., Ikaito anatomija: Kaliningrado Jubiliejaus Byla [Anatomy of the Hostage: The Case of the Jubilee of Kaliningrad], (Vilnius: Eugrimas, 2006), p. 150 (in Lithuanian). 45. ‘Russia: Turning Colder’, in The Guardian,( 9 Feb 2007). 46. Socor, V., ‘Twelve Months: The Short Life of Comfortable Assumptions About Russia’s Energy Policy in 2006’, in The Jamestown Foundation, Vol. 3, Issue 232 (15 Dec 2006). 47. Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between Russia and the EU concluded in 1997 expires in 2007. 48. See http://www.eu-russiacentre.org/assets/files/levada_release.pdf. 49. The concept of a ‘liberal empire’, introduced by oligarch Anatoliy Chubais, the former privatisation tsar and current chairman of the energy conglomerate Unified Energy Systems (UES). See Chubais, A., ‘Misiya Rossii v dvadsat’ pervom veke’ [Russia’s mission in the 21st century], in Nezavisimaya Gazeta, (1 Oct 2003). 50. At the end of 2006, Belarus resisted Russia’s demand to pay an increased price for gas. Finally, the deal was reached, but an oil war was broke out instead: Russia imposed new duties on the crude exported to Belarus. In revenge, Belarus demanded a transit fee on the oil that crosses Belarus to other European consumers (this pipeline delivers 12.5 % of European needs). The Russians refused, and Belarus began siphoning off oil in lieu of payment. Russia then stopped pumping oil into a pipeline crossing Belarus until the transit fee was lifted. 51. ‘Baltic Sea Region’, The Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy; http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/baltics.html. 52. See http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/baltics.html 53. The CBSS was established in 1992; its members are the three Baltic States, the five Nordic countries, Germany, Poland and Russia (with Kaliningrad represented in its delegation), and the European Commission. The concept of ND was introduced by Finland in 1997 during its presidency of the EU. The rationale was to create a forum for co-operation between the EU, Russia and other BSR states with the aim at enhancing regional security and stability. The NEI, launched by the US in 1997, targeted six key areas of the Baltic Sea co-operation: cross-border co-operation, economic deveopment, law enforcement; creation of civil society, environment, and public health. It aimed at integrating Northwest Russia into cooperative regional security framework; promoting of democratic and market-oriented development in Russia and strengthening relations with her northern European neighbours. E-PINE Initiative – Enhanced Partnership in Northern Europe, launched by US in 2003, replaced the former NEI. 50
The Defence Academy of the United Kingdom The Defence Academy is the UK’s Defence higher educational establishment and comprises the Royal College of Defence Studies, Joint Services Command and Staff College, Defence College of Management and Technology, Advanced Research Assessment Group and Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre. It is responsible for post-graduate education and the majority of command, staff, leadership, defence management, acquisition, and technology, training for members of the UK Armed Forces and MOD Civilian Servants, and for establishing and maintaining itself as the MOD’s primary link with UK universities and international military educational institutions. It has three strategic partners – King’s College London, Serco Defence & Aerospace and Cranfield University – who provide academic and facilities support and services. The Academy seeks to advance military science in a number of ways: firstly, in relation to the conduct of campaigns and operations – it is, therefore, a key component of operational capability; secondly, in relation to how Defence operates in the international security domain, and the way Defence works in Government; and thirdly, in relation to the management of Defence. Through exploitation of its intellectual capital, the Academy aims to act as a powerful force in developing thinking about defence and security, not only within MOD but across Government, and to influence wider debate about defence and security issues.
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