an investigation into the antibacterial activities of medicinal plants ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

REFERENCES Ahmad, I., Mehmood, Z. & Mohammad, F. (1998). Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 42, pp. 183 – 193. Alekshun, M & Levy, S. (2001). The line of least resistance. Economist, 359(8220), pp. 71 – 72. Andrews, J.M. (2004). Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations. Department of Microbiology [online]. [Cited June 28, 2004] Available from Internet URL http://jac.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/48/suppl_1/5 Andrews.J., Ashby. J., Jevons. G., Lines. N. & Wise. R., (1999) Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-positive pathogens isolated in the UK between October 1996 and January 1997. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 43, pp. 689 – 698. Arslan, E., Dalay, C., Yavuz, M., Göcenler, L. & Acarturk, S. (1999). Gram-negative bacterial surveillance in burn patients. Annals of Burns and Fire disasters. 12(2), pp. 1 – 5. Bagdonas, R., Tamelis, A. & Rimdeika, R. (2003). Staphylococcus aureus in the surgery of burns. Medicina, 39(11), pp. 1078 – 1081. Berkowitz, F.E. (1995). Antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Southern Medical Jourmal, 88, pp. 797 – 804. Bodeker, G.C. (2001). Traditional health systems and national policy. The Research Council for Complementary Medicine [online] [Cited March 15, 2002] Available from Internet URL http://www.rccm.org.uk/article_gerry_bodeker.htm Boswell, A., Andrews, J.M. & Wise, R. (2001). Comparison of the in vitro activities of four fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48, pp. 445 – 458. Bowler, P.G., Deurden, B.I. & Armstrong, D.G. (2001). Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 14(2), pp. 244 – 269. 96
Brantner, A. & Grein, E. (1994). Antibacterial activity of plant extracts used externally in traditional medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 44, pp. 35 – 40. Collier, M. (2004). Recognition and management of wound infection. World Wide Wounds [online]. [Cited August 17, 2004] Available from Internet URL http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2004/january/Collier/Management-of-Wound- Infections.html Cox, P. A. & Balick, M.J. (1994). The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery. Scientific American, pp. 60 – 65. Crowley, L.V. (1997). Introduction to human disease. (4 th ed.). London : Jones & Bartlett. Damjanov, I. (1996). Pathology for the health related professions. USA : W.B. Saunders. Dharmananda, S., (2000). The interaction of herbs and drugs [online]. [cited 26 November 2001] Available from Internet URL http://www.itmonline.org/arts/herbdrug.htm Diederichs, N. Geldenhuys, C. & Dominic, M. (2002, November). First legal harvesters of protected medicinal plants in South Africa. Science in Africa [online]. [Cited October 23, 2003] Available from URL http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/november/bark.htm Devienne, K. & Raddi, M.S.G. (2002). Screening for antimicrobial activity of natural products using a microplate photometer. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 33, pp. 166 – 168. Eloff, J.N. (1998a). Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 60, pp.1-8. Eloff, J.N. (1998b). A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Media, 64, pp.711- 713. Eloff, J. (1999). The antibacterial activity of 27 southern African members of the Crombretacae. South African Journal of Science, 95, pp. 148-152. 97
Page 1 and 2:
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ANTIBACTE
Page 3 and 4:
2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens 21 2.2.3
Page 5 and 6:
ABSTRACT Traditional medicine has a
Page 7 and 8:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to di
Page 9 and 10:
H hr hour I INT p-iodonitrotetrazol
Page 11 and 12:
LIST OF TABLES TABLES Page TABLE 1
Page 13 and 14:
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Page FIGURE
Page 15 and 16:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview
Page 17 and 18:
In the rural communities where ther
Page 19 and 20:
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 TRA
Page 21 and 22:
uses of medicinal plants (Matsiliza
Page 23 and 24:
under strict quality control measur
Page 25 and 26:
The utilization and identification
Page 27 and 28:
2.2.1.2 Phytomedicine and phytochem
Page 29 and 30:
2.2.1.3 Conservation of medicinal p
Page 31 and 32:
interactions (Peoples Medical Socie
Page 33 and 34:
Some of the medicinal plants invest
Page 35 and 36:
2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens Bulbine
Page 37 and 38:
2.2.3.4 Zantedeschia aethiopica Thi
Page 39 and 40:
2.3 TOPICAL BURN WOUND INFECTIONS 2
Page 41 and 42:
p. 386). The process of wound heali
Page 43 and 44:
techniques especially when handling
Page 45 and 46:
ody warm to prevent hypothermia, es
Page 47 and 48:
2.3.3 Bacteria selected for investi
Page 49 and 50:
TABLE 2 Summary of the selected tes
Page 51 and 52:
extremely difficult to control. Res
Page 53 and 54:
2001), the traditional method of pr
Page 55 and 56:
Step 1: EXTRACTION: Fresh medicinal
Page 57 and 58:
different steps performed to obtain
Page 59 and 60: 4.2.2 Traditional preparations Besi
Page 61 and 62: Twofold serial dilutions were made
Page 63 and 64: microtitre plate assay. Following p
Page 65 and 66: Plates supplemented with PNPG No PN
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Different solvent
Page 69 and 70: Undiluted plant extract concentrati
Page 71 and 72: number of bacterial strains of whic
Page 73 and 74: 59 TABLE 6 Continues: S. pyogenes [
Page 75 and 76: The different extracts of B. frutes
Page 77 and 78: TABLE 7 Bacteria tested: Screening
Page 79 and 80: 5.1.5 Standard antimicrobial sensit
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 8a Standard antimicrobial sen
Page 83 and 84: 5.1.6 Plant extract dilutions that
Page 85 and 86: The extracts of L. leonurus inhibit
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 9a Representation of the extr
Page 89 and 90: The lowest MIC’s of B. frutescens
Page 91 and 92: 5.1.8 The number of bacterial strai
Page 93 and 94: displayed antibacterial activity ag
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 12 Medicinal plants: Antibact
Page 97 and 98: 5.2.2 Antibacterial activity of tra
Page 99 and 100: Controls S. aureus [no. 1] K. pneum
Page 101 and 102: The growing threat and spread of an
Page 103 and 104: was presented for extraction as a s
Page 105 and 106: aethiopica inhibited a maximum of 1
Page 107 and 108: the agar dilution assay (Table 12 &
Page 109: Further testing on the plant extrac
Page 113 and 114: Greenwood, D., Slack, R.C. & Peuthe
Page 115 and 116: Matsiliza, B. & Barker, N.P. (2001)
Page 117 and 118: Shale, T.L., Stirk, W.A., and van S
Page 119: http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/
show all

an investigation into the antibacterial activities of medicinal plants ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?