an investigation into the antibacterial activities of medicinal plants ...

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acterial strains. The microtitre plate assay using INT (p-iodonitrotetrazolium) as a bacterial growth indicator gave reproducible results and allowed determination of the MIC of each plant extract (Eloff, 1998a & Eloff, 1998b). Initially the different plant extracts and traditional preparations were screened with the bacterial strains in triplicate using the microtitre plate assay. Certain bacteria, S. pyogenes, E. feacalis & P. mirabilis, were not compatible with the microtitre plate assay using distilled water as the diluent and a microtitre plate reader for analysis. Therefore an adapted agar dilution plate assay (Boswell et al., 2001; Andrews, 2004) was used as an alternative method for determining the antibacterial activity and MIC’s of the medicinal plant extracts with these bacteria. The agar dilution plate assay incorporated the use of different dilutions of the plant extract mixed into melted agar (Kerr et al., 1999; Andrews, 2004). The equipment and techniques employed for investigating medicinal plant extracts may play a role in the accuracy of reporting and comparing the results in different studies. A schematic representation of the different steps performed in this study for assessing the in vitro antibacterial activity of the selected medicinal plants is showed in Figure 3. 40
Step 1: EXTRACTION: Fresh medicinal plants: Bulbine frutescens (leave gel) Leonotis leonurus (leaves) Melianthus major (leaves) Zantedeschia aethiopica (leaves) Step 2: DIFFERENT EXTRACTS: Methanol Aqueous Acetone Decoctions Step 3: ANTIBACTERIAL ASSAYS: Microtitre plate assay: using microtitre plates & INT Agar dilution assay: using extract prepared agar plates MIC (mg/ml). MIC (mg/ml). FIGURE 3 Schematic representation of the different steps performed for assessing the antibacterial activity of the medicinal plants 41
Page 1 and 2:
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ANTIBACTE
Page 3 and 4: 2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens 21 2.2.3
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT Traditional medicine has a
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to di
Page 9 and 10: H hr hour I INT p-iodonitrotetrazol
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES TABLES Page TABLE 1
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Page FIGURE
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview
Page 17 and 18: In the rural communities where ther
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 TRA
Page 21 and 22: uses of medicinal plants (Matsiliza
Page 23 and 24: under strict quality control measur
Page 25 and 26: The utilization and identification
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.1.2 Phytomedicine and phytochem
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.1.3 Conservation of medicinal p
Page 31 and 32: interactions (Peoples Medical Socie
Page 33 and 34: Some of the medicinal plants invest
Page 35 and 36: 2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens Bulbine
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.3.4 Zantedeschia aethiopica Thi
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 TOPICAL BURN WOUND INFECTIONS 2
Page 41 and 42: p. 386). The process of wound heali
Page 43 and 44: techniques especially when handling
Page 45 and 46: ody warm to prevent hypothermia, es
Page 47 and 48: 2.3.3 Bacteria selected for investi
Page 49 and 50: TABLE 2 Summary of the selected tes
Page 51 and 52: extremely difficult to control. Res
Page 53: 2001), the traditional method of pr
Page 57 and 58: different steps performed to obtain
Page 59 and 60: 4.2.2 Traditional preparations Besi
Page 61 and 62: Twofold serial dilutions were made
Page 63 and 64: microtitre plate assay. Following p
Page 65 and 66: Plates supplemented with PNPG No PN
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Different solvent
Page 69 and 70: Undiluted plant extract concentrati
Page 71 and 72: number of bacterial strains of whic
Page 73 and 74: 59 TABLE 6 Continues: S. pyogenes [
Page 75 and 76: The different extracts of B. frutes
Page 77 and 78: TABLE 7 Bacteria tested: Screening
Page 79 and 80: 5.1.5 Standard antimicrobial sensit
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 8a Standard antimicrobial sen
Page 83 and 84: 5.1.6 Plant extract dilutions that
Page 85 and 86: The extracts of L. leonurus inhibit
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 9a Representation of the extr
Page 89 and 90: The lowest MIC’s of B. frutescens
Page 91 and 92: 5.1.8 The number of bacterial strai
Page 93 and 94: displayed antibacterial activity ag
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 12 Medicinal plants: Antibact
Page 97 and 98: 5.2.2 Antibacterial activity of tra
Page 99 and 100: Controls S. aureus [no. 1] K. pneum
Page 101 and 102: The growing threat and spread of an
Page 103 and 104: was presented for extraction as a s
Page 105 and 106:
aethiopica inhibited a maximum of 1
Page 107 and 108:
the agar dilution assay (Table 12 &
Page 109 and 110:
Further testing on the plant extrac
Page 111 and 112:
Brantner, A. & Grein, E. (1994). An
Page 113 and 114:
Greenwood, D., Slack, R.C. & Peuthe
Page 115 and 116:
Matsiliza, B. & Barker, N.P. (2001)
Page 117 and 118:
Shale, T.L., Stirk, W.A., and van S
Page 119:
http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/
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