an investigation into the antibacterial activities of medicinal plants ...

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All three P. aeruginosa strains [no.’s 1 – 3] were resistant to gentamycin, while only two strains [no.’s 2 & 3] were resistant to ofloxacillin. All three P. aeruginosa strains were sensitive to amikacin and two of the tested strains [no.’s 1 & 2] to ceftazidime. The five A. baumanii strains were all resistant to cefazolin and cefuroxime. A. baumanii strains [no.’s 3 & 4] were completely resistant to all the tested antibiotics, followed by strain [no. 2] that was resistant to all the antibiotics except one antibiotic, gentamycin. A. baumanii [no. 1] was resistant to four antibiotics (co-amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, amikacin & cotrimoxazole) and sensitive to the rest of the antibiotics. ACBA [no. 5] was only resistant to two antibiotics (cefazolin & cefuroxime) and sensitive to the rest of the tested antibiotics (Table 8b). All the K. pneumoniae strains [no.’s 1 – 5] were resistant to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole with varying sensitivity and resistance to the other antibiotics (Table 8b). In addition to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole resistance, K. pneumoniae strain [no. 1] were resistant to cefazolin and strain [no. 2] were resistant to four (co-amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamycin & amikacin) antibiotics. K. pneumoniae strain [no. 3] was only resistant to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole while strain [no. 4] was resistant to an additional two antibiotics (co-amoxicillin, cefazolin). K. pneumoniae strain [no. 5] was only sensitive to one antibiotic (co-amoxicillin) and resistant to the rest of the nine antibiotics (Table 8b). All the strains of P. mirabilis were resistant to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole except for P. mirabilis strain [no. 3] that was only resistant to ampicillin (Table 8b). P. mirabilis strain [no. 1] was resistant to an additional antibiotic (co-amoxicillin) and strain [no. 2] to additional two antibiotics (gentamycin & amikacin). P. mirabilis strain [no. 4] was only sensitive to two (co-amoxicillin & ofloxacillin) antibiotics and resistant to the rest (Table 8b). P. mirabilis strain [no. 5] was resistant to five of the seven antibiotics tested for this strain and sensitive to the remaining two antibiotics (co-amoxicillin & cefazolin). 66
TABLE 8a Standard antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Gram-positive bacterial strains selected for MIC determination Gram + ve bacteria [Strains] Sensitivity results of standard antibiotics. P10 AMC30 OX1 OFX5 E15 DA2 VA30 FD10 FXT25 TE30 S. aureus [1] R S S S S S S S S - [2] R S S S S S S S S - [3] R S S S S S S S S - [4] R - S - R S S S S - MRSA [1] R R R S R S S S S - [2] R R R S R S S S S - [3] R R R S R S S S R - [4] R R R S R S S S S - S. pyogenes [1] S - - - S - - - S S [2] S - - - S - - - S S [3] S - - - S - - - S S [4] S - - - S - - - S S [5] S - - - S - - - S S E. feacalis [1] S - - - S - - - R R [2] S - - - S - - - R R [3] S - - - S - - - R R [4] S - - - S - - - R R [5] S - - - S - - - R R R: Resistant P10: Penicillin; OX1: Cloxicillin; DA2: Clindamycin S: Sensitive AMC30: Co-amoxicillin; OFX5: Ofloxacillin; VA30: Vancomycin (-): Not tested E15: Erythromycin; FXT25: Cotrimoxizole; FD10: Fucidin; TE30: Tetracycline; 67
Page 1 and 2:
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ANTIBACTE
Page 3 and 4:
2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens 21 2.2.3
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ABSTRACT Traditional medicine has a
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to di
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H hr hour I INT p-iodonitrotetrazol
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LIST OF TABLES TABLES Page TABLE 1
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Page FIGURE
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview
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In the rural communities where ther
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 TRA
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uses of medicinal plants (Matsiliza
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under strict quality control measur
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The utilization and identification
Page 27 and 28:
2.2.1.2 Phytomedicine and phytochem
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.1.3 Conservation of medicinal p
Page 31 and 32: interactions (Peoples Medical Socie
Page 33 and 34: Some of the medicinal plants invest
Page 35 and 36: 2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens Bulbine
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.3.4 Zantedeschia aethiopica Thi
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 TOPICAL BURN WOUND INFECTIONS 2
Page 41 and 42: p. 386). The process of wound heali
Page 43 and 44: techniques especially when handling
Page 45 and 46: ody warm to prevent hypothermia, es
Page 47 and 48: 2.3.3 Bacteria selected for investi
Page 49 and 50: TABLE 2 Summary of the selected tes
Page 51 and 52: extremely difficult to control. Res
Page 53 and 54: 2001), the traditional method of pr
Page 55 and 56: Step 1: EXTRACTION: Fresh medicinal
Page 57 and 58: different steps performed to obtain
Page 59 and 60: 4.2.2 Traditional preparations Besi
Page 61 and 62: Twofold serial dilutions were made
Page 63 and 64: microtitre plate assay. Following p
Page 65 and 66: Plates supplemented with PNPG No PN
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Different solvent
Page 69 and 70: Undiluted plant extract concentrati
Page 71 and 72: number of bacterial strains of whic
Page 73 and 74: 59 TABLE 6 Continues: S. pyogenes [
Page 75 and 76: The different extracts of B. frutes
Page 77 and 78: TABLE 7 Bacteria tested: Screening
Page 79: 5.1.5 Standard antimicrobial sensit
Page 83 and 84: 5.1.6 Plant extract dilutions that
Page 85 and 86: The extracts of L. leonurus inhibit
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 9a Representation of the extr
Page 89 and 90: The lowest MIC’s of B. frutescens
Page 91 and 92: 5.1.8 The number of bacterial strai
Page 93 and 94: displayed antibacterial activity ag
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 12 Medicinal plants: Antibact
Page 97 and 98: 5.2.2 Antibacterial activity of tra
Page 99 and 100: Controls S. aureus [no. 1] K. pneum
Page 101 and 102: The growing threat and spread of an
Page 103 and 104: was presented for extraction as a s
Page 105 and 106: aethiopica inhibited a maximum of 1
Page 107 and 108: the agar dilution assay (Table 12 &
Page 109 and 110: Further testing on the plant extrac
Page 111 and 112: Brantner, A. & Grein, E. (1994). An
Page 113 and 114: Greenwood, D., Slack, R.C. & Peuthe
Page 115 and 116: Matsiliza, B. & Barker, N.P. (2001)
Page 117 and 118: Shale, T.L., Stirk, W.A., and van S
Page 119: http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/
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