an investigation into the antibacterial activities of medicinal plants ...

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TABLE 9b Minimal inhibitory concentrations of medicinal plant extracts for antibacterial testing Bacteria tested: [Strains] Minimal inhibitory concentration of medicinal plants (mg/ml) Gram + ve: S. aureus [1] [2] [3] [4] Bulbine frutescens Leonotis leonurus Melianthus major Zantedeschia aethiopica MeOH Aqu. Acet. MeOH Aqu. Acet. MeOH Aqu. Acet. MeOH Aqu. Acet. 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.43 0.43 - 0.22 - - 0.19 - 1.05 0.07 0.26 0.53 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.30 0.56 0.07 0.14 0.28 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.21 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.55 0.55 0.14 0.14 - - 0.01 - - 0.50 0.02 0.25 MRSA [1] [2] [3] [4] - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.07 0.53 0.13 - 0.07 1.19 0.07 0.30 0.28 0.56 0.56 0.14 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 - - - - 0.62 - - - 1.00 - - - Gram – ve: P. aeruginosa [1] [2] [3] - - - - - - - - - 1.05 - 0.26 - 1.19 1.19 1.11 - 0.56 0.18 0.24 1.89 0.42 0.21 1.66 0.14 0.03 0.54 - 1.09 - - 0.62 - - 1.00 0.25 A. baumanii [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 0.26 - - 0.26 - 0.43 - - 0.43 - 0.06 - - 0.51 - - 1.05 - 0.53 - - 0.60 - - - - 0.56 - 0.07 - 0.03 0.47 1.95 0.47 0.06 0.42 0.83 1.66 0.83 0.83 0.03 0.54 0.54 0.14 0.14 1.09 - - - - 0.62 - - - - 1.00 - - - - K. pneumoniae [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 0.06 - - 0.51 - 0.05 - - 0.43 - 0.06 - - 0.51 - 0.02 0.02 0.53 0.26 - 0.07 0.02 0.60 0.60 - 0.02 0.07 0.28 0.28 - 0.24 0.24 0.12 0.06 0.47 1.66 0.42 0.10 0.05 1.83 0.14 0.14 0.07 0.14 0.54 0.27 - 1.09 1.09 0.55 0.31 - 0.04 0.31 - 0.03 - 0.06 0.06 - (-) : No activity; MeOH: methanol; Aqu.: aqueous; Acet.: acetone; MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus 74
The lowest MIC’s of B. frutescens and L. leonurus were higher for Gram-positive bacterial strains than for the Gram-negative bacterial strains (Table 10). The lowest MIC’s of M. major and Z. aethiopica were higher for the Gram-negative bacterial strains. The highest MIC’s of all the plants were higher for the Gram-negative bacterial strains than for the Gram-positive bacterial strains. The highest MIC’s of the plant extracts against the Gram-negative bacterial strains were the same as the undiluted plant extract concentrations. Therefore some Gramnegative bacterial strains were only inhibited in the initial wells of the microtitre plates containing undiluted plant extracts. TABLE 10 The lowest and highest MIC’s for each medicinal plant extract in the microtitre plate assay Medicinal Plants: B. frutescens Acet Extracts: Undiluted Extract (mg/ml) 0.51 MIC’s (mg/ml) in microtitre plate assay. Gram +ve bacteria: Gram –ve bacteria: Low. High. Low. High. 0.13 0.13 0.06 0.51 MeOH 0.51 0.26 0.20 0.06 0.51 Aqu. 0.43 0.22 0.43 0.05 0.43 L. leonurus Acet 1.11 0.07 0.56 0.02 1.11 MeOH 1.05 0.07 1.05 0.02 1.05 Aqu 1.19 0.07 1.19 0.07 1.19 M. major Acet 2.17 0.03 0.03 0.03 2.17 MeOH 1.89 0.03 0.12 0.03 1.89 Aqu 1.66 0.03 0.21 0.05 1.66 Z. aethiopica Acet 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.03 1.00 MeOH 1.09 0.14 0.55 0.27 1.09 Aqu 0.62 0.01 0.62 0.04 0.62 Low.: Lowest; High.: Highest; Acet: acetone; Aqu: Aqueous; MeOH: Methanol 75
Page 1 and 2:
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ANTIBACTE
Page 3 and 4:
2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens 21 2.2.3
Page 5 and 6:
ABSTRACT Traditional medicine has a
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to di
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H hr hour I INT p-iodonitrotetrazol
Page 11 and 12:
LIST OF TABLES TABLES Page TABLE 1
Page 13 and 14:
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Page FIGURE
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview
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In the rural communities where ther
Page 19 and 20:
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 TRA
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uses of medicinal plants (Matsiliza
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under strict quality control measur
Page 25 and 26:
The utilization and identification
Page 27 and 28:
2.2.1.2 Phytomedicine and phytochem
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2.2.1.3 Conservation of medicinal p
Page 31 and 32:
interactions (Peoples Medical Socie
Page 33 and 34:
Some of the medicinal plants invest
Page 35 and 36:
2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens Bulbine
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.3.4 Zantedeschia aethiopica Thi
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 TOPICAL BURN WOUND INFECTIONS 2
Page 41 and 42: p. 386). The process of wound heali
Page 43 and 44: techniques especially when handling
Page 45 and 46: ody warm to prevent hypothermia, es
Page 47 and 48: 2.3.3 Bacteria selected for investi
Page 49 and 50: TABLE 2 Summary of the selected tes
Page 51 and 52: extremely difficult to control. Res
Page 53 and 54: 2001), the traditional method of pr
Page 55 and 56: Step 1: EXTRACTION: Fresh medicinal
Page 57 and 58: different steps performed to obtain
Page 59 and 60: 4.2.2 Traditional preparations Besi
Page 61 and 62: Twofold serial dilutions were made
Page 63 and 64: microtitre plate assay. Following p
Page 65 and 66: Plates supplemented with PNPG No PN
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Different solvent
Page 69 and 70: Undiluted plant extract concentrati
Page 71 and 72: number of bacterial strains of whic
Page 73 and 74: 59 TABLE 6 Continues: S. pyogenes [
Page 75 and 76: The different extracts of B. frutes
Page 77 and 78: TABLE 7 Bacteria tested: Screening
Page 79 and 80: 5.1.5 Standard antimicrobial sensit
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 8a Standard antimicrobial sen
Page 83 and 84: 5.1.6 Plant extract dilutions that
Page 85 and 86: The extracts of L. leonurus inhibit
Page 87: TABLE 9a Representation of the extr
Page 91 and 92: 5.1.8 The number of bacterial strai
Page 93 and 94: displayed antibacterial activity ag
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 12 Medicinal plants: Antibact
Page 97 and 98: 5.2.2 Antibacterial activity of tra
Page 99 and 100: Controls S. aureus [no. 1] K. pneum
Page 101 and 102: The growing threat and spread of an
Page 103 and 104: was presented for extraction as a s
Page 105 and 106: aethiopica inhibited a maximum of 1
Page 107 and 108: the agar dilution assay (Table 12 &
Page 109 and 110: Further testing on the plant extrac
Page 111 and 112: Brantner, A. & Grein, E. (1994). An
Page 113 and 114: Greenwood, D., Slack, R.C. & Peuthe
Page 115 and 116: Matsiliza, B. & Barker, N.P. (2001)
Page 117 and 118: Shale, T.L., Stirk, W.A., and van S
Page 119: http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/
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