an investigation into the antibacterial activities of medicinal plants ...

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Van Wyk, B-E., van Heerden, F. & van Oudtshoorn, B. (2002). Poisonous plants of South Africa (1 st ed.). Pretoria : Briza publications. Vlachos, V., Critchley, A.T. & Holy, A. (1996). Establishment of a protocol for testing antimicrobial activity in Southern African macroalgae. Microbios, 88, pp. 115 – 123. Ward, R.S. & Saffle, J.R. (1995). Topical agents in burn and wound care. Physical Therapy, 75(6), pp. 526 – 538. Watt, J.M. & Breyer – Brandwijk, M.G. (1962). The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of South Africa (2 nd ed.). Livingstone : London. Williamson, E., (2003). Drug interactions between herbal and prescription medicines. Drug safety, 26(15), pp. 1075 – 1092. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1992). Global diversity: status of the Earth’s Living resources. Chapman and Hall : London. World Health Report: press release. Infectious diseases kill over 17 million people a year: WHO warns a global crisis [online]. Available from Internet URL http://www.who.int/whr/1996/press1.htm WHO : fact sheet N o 194. (2002). Antimicrobial resistance [online]. Available from Internet URL http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/ WEBSITE REFERENCES: http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Bulbine_frutescens.html http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/envfacts/facts/traditional.htm htp://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/community/ http://content.nhiondemand.com/dse/consumer/ http://www.conserveafrica.org/medicinal_plants.rtf 104
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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ANTIBACTE
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2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens 21 2.2.3
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ABSTRACT Traditional medicine has a
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to di
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H hr hour I INT p-iodonitrotetrazol
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LIST OF TABLES TABLES Page TABLE 1
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Page FIGURE
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview
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In the rural communities where ther
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 TRA
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uses of medicinal plants (Matsiliza
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under strict quality control measur
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The utilization and identification
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2.2.1.2 Phytomedicine and phytochem
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2.2.1.3 Conservation of medicinal p
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interactions (Peoples Medical Socie
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Some of the medicinal plants invest
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2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens Bulbine
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2.2.3.4 Zantedeschia aethiopica Thi
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2.3 TOPICAL BURN WOUND INFECTIONS 2
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p. 386). The process of wound heali
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techniques especially when handling
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ody warm to prevent hypothermia, es
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2.3.3 Bacteria selected for investi
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TABLE 2 Summary of the selected tes
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extremely difficult to control. Res
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2001), the traditional method of pr
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Step 1: EXTRACTION: Fresh medicinal
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different steps performed to obtain
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4.2.2 Traditional preparations Besi
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Twofold serial dilutions were made
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microtitre plate assay. Following p
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Plates supplemented with PNPG No PN
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Different solvent
Page 69 and 70: Undiluted plant extract concentrati
Page 71 and 72: number of bacterial strains of whic
Page 73 and 74: 59 TABLE 6 Continues: S. pyogenes [
Page 75 and 76: The different extracts of B. frutes
Page 77 and 78: TABLE 7 Bacteria tested: Screening
Page 79 and 80: 5.1.5 Standard antimicrobial sensit
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 8a Standard antimicrobial sen
Page 83 and 84: 5.1.6 Plant extract dilutions that
Page 85 and 86: The extracts of L. leonurus inhibit
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 9a Representation of the extr
Page 89 and 90: The lowest MIC’s of B. frutescens
Page 91 and 92: 5.1.8 The number of bacterial strai
Page 93 and 94: displayed antibacterial activity ag
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 12 Medicinal plants: Antibact
Page 97 and 98: 5.2.2 Antibacterial activity of tra
Page 99 and 100: Controls S. aureus [no. 1] K. pneum
Page 101 and 102: The growing threat and spread of an
Page 103 and 104: was presented for extraction as a s
Page 105 and 106: aethiopica inhibited a maximum of 1
Page 107 and 108: the agar dilution assay (Table 12 &
Page 109 and 110: Further testing on the plant extrac
Page 111 and 112: Brantner, A. & Grein, E. (1994). An
Page 113 and 114: Greenwood, D., Slack, R.C. & Peuthe
Page 115 and 116: Matsiliza, B. & Barker, N.P. (2001)
Page 117: Shale, T.L., Stirk, W.A., and van S
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