an investigation into the antibacterial activities of medicinal plants ...

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64 TABLE 7 Continues: A. baumanii [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] + - - + - + - + - + + - - + - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - + - + - + - - - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + - + - - - - - - - - + + + - + - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + - + + - + + + + + + + + + + - + + - + - - - - - - + - - + + NT + - - - - - - - - - + + NT + - - - - + - - - - + + NT K. pneumoniae [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + - + + (+) : Inhibition; (-): No inhibition; (NT): Not Tested
5.1.5 Standard antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria All the bacterial strains used in this study were clinical isolates collected from the NHLS (Main Branch) Port Elizabeth. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were received with all of the isolates. The MIC’s of the plant extracts were determined using a selection of these bacterial strains. Table 8a & 8b display the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, respectively. The following ten antibiotics were used for sensitivity testing of the Gram-positive bacteria namely: penicillin (P10), co-amoxacillin (AMC30), cloxacillin (OX1), ofloxacillin (OFX50), erytromycin (E15), clindamycin (DA2), vancomycin (VA30), fucidin (FD10), cotrimoxazole (FXT25), and tetracycline (TE30) (Table 8a). All the S. aureus strains were resistant to penicillin and sensitive to the rest of the tested antibiotics except for strain [no. 4] that was resistant to erythromycin (Table 8a). All the MRSA strains were resistant to penicillin, co-amoxicillin, cloxicillin, and erythromycin but sensitive to the other antibiotics tested except strain [no. 3] that was resistant to cotrimoxazole (Table 8a). All the strains of S. pyogenes were sensitive to all the antibiotics (penicillin, erythromycin, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline) tested. All E. feacalis strains similar to S. pyogenes were sensitive to penicillin and erythromycin however; all the E. feacalis strains were resistant to cotrimoxazole and tetracycline (Table 8a). Table 8b displayed the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the Gram-negative bacterial strains with the following ten antibiotics: ampicillin (AML10), co-amoxacillin (AMC30), cefazolin (KZ30), cefuroxime (CXM30), ceftriaxone (CRO30), ceftazidime (CAZ30), gentamycin (GN 10), amikacin (AK30), ofloxacillin (OFX5) & cotrimoxazole (FXT25). 65
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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ANTIBACTE
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2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens 21 2.2.3
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ABSTRACT Traditional medicine has a
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to di
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H hr hour I INT p-iodonitrotetrazol
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LIST OF TABLES TABLES Page TABLE 1
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Page FIGURE
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview
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In the rural communities where ther
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 TRA
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uses of medicinal plants (Matsiliza
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under strict quality control measur
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The utilization and identification
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.1.2 Phytomedicine and phytochem
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Page 31 and 32: interactions (Peoples Medical Socie
Page 33 and 34: Some of the medicinal plants invest
Page 35 and 36: 2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens Bulbine
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.3.4 Zantedeschia aethiopica Thi
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 TOPICAL BURN WOUND INFECTIONS 2
Page 41 and 42: p. 386). The process of wound heali
Page 43 and 44: techniques especially when handling
Page 45 and 46: ody warm to prevent hypothermia, es
Page 47 and 48: 2.3.3 Bacteria selected for investi
Page 49 and 50: TABLE 2 Summary of the selected tes
Page 51 and 52: extremely difficult to control. Res
Page 53 and 54: 2001), the traditional method of pr
Page 55 and 56: Step 1: EXTRACTION: Fresh medicinal
Page 57 and 58: different steps performed to obtain
Page 59 and 60: 4.2.2 Traditional preparations Besi
Page 61 and 62: Twofold serial dilutions were made
Page 63 and 64: microtitre plate assay. Following p
Page 65 and 66: Plates supplemented with PNPG No PN
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Different solvent
Page 69 and 70: Undiluted plant extract concentrati
Page 71 and 72: number of bacterial strains of whic
Page 73 and 74: 59 TABLE 6 Continues: S. pyogenes [
Page 75 and 76: The different extracts of B. frutes
Page 77: TABLE 7 Bacteria tested: Screening
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 8a Standard antimicrobial sen
Page 83 and 84: 5.1.6 Plant extract dilutions that
Page 85 and 86: The extracts of L. leonurus inhibit
Page 87 and 88: TABLE 9a Representation of the extr
Page 89 and 90: The lowest MIC’s of B. frutescens
Page 91 and 92: 5.1.8 The number of bacterial strai
Page 93 and 94: displayed antibacterial activity ag
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 12 Medicinal plants: Antibact
Page 97 and 98: 5.2.2 Antibacterial activity of tra
Page 99 and 100: Controls S. aureus [no. 1] K. pneum
Page 101 and 102: The growing threat and spread of an
Page 103 and 104: was presented for extraction as a s
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Page 107 and 108: the agar dilution assay (Table 12 &
Page 109 and 110: Further testing on the plant extrac
Page 111 and 112: Brantner, A. & Grein, E. (1994). An
Page 113 and 114: Greenwood, D., Slack, R.C. & Peuthe
Page 115 and 116: Matsiliza, B. & Barker, N.P. (2001)
Page 117 and 118: Shale, T.L., Stirk, W.A., and van S
Page 119: http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/
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