an investigation into the antibacterial activities of medicinal plants ...

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pyogenes, E. feacalis and P. mirabilis were not compatible with the microtitre plate assay using INT and spectrophotometric readings to determine bacterial inhibition. Therefore the agar dilution assay were used as an alternative method for determining the MIC’s of the plant extracts against the bacterial strains of these bacteria. The initial plant extract concentration in the microtitre plate assay differed with the different plant extracts in the microtitre plate assay. Acetone followed by methanol extracted the highest plant extract concentrations with the different medicinal plants. M. major followed by L. leonurus produced the highest plant extract concentrations following extraction with the different extraction solvents. Consequently the acetone extract of M. major had the highest plant extract concentration before serial dilution in the microtitre plate assay. Uniform plant extract concentrations were tested in the agar dilution assay. The methanol extract followed by the acetone extract of the plants gave the highest antibacterial activity against the different bacterial strains. The extracts of M. major followed by L. leonurus inhibited the highest number of bacterial strains in the microtitre plate assay and the extracts of B. frutescens inhibited the lowest number of bacterial strains. The acetone and methanol extracts of M. major were the only extracts that displayed antibacterial activity in the agar dilution assay. The bacterial strains of P. mirabilis were the only bacteria that were inhibited using this method. The bacterial strains of S. pyogenes and E. feacalis were not inhibited at any of the plant extract concentrations in the agar dilution assay. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to display my sincere gratitude to the following for their support, assistance and encouragement throughout my course of research and the compilation of this thesis. My promoters, Dr. N. Smith and Mrs E. Baxter for their guidance, motivation, support and time invested in me. The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. P. E Technikon for granting me a bursary that assisted me to do this study. The staff at P.E Technikon especially Mrs L. Beyleveld and Mrs B. Jordan in the department of Biomedical Sciences for their motivation and assistance especially in the lab. The staff in the Microbiology and Media departments at NHLS for their assistance in providing bacterial cultures and media. Staff in the Biochemistry, Microbiology and Botany departments at UPE for their assistance and use of instrumentation. My fellow M Tech students for their encouragement and support in the lab. My family and Azaam, for their constant believe, prayers and support throughout my research. Friends and everyone for their prayers, motivation and encouragement at times when it was most needed. And last but not least, my Creator without whom nothing is possible. iii
Page 1 and 2: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ANTIBACTE
Page 3 and 4: 2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens 21 2.2.3
Page 5: ABSTRACT Traditional medicine has a
Page 9 and 10: H hr hour I INT p-iodonitrotetrazol
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES TABLES Page TABLE 1
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Page FIGURE
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview
Page 17 and 18: In the rural communities where ther
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 TRA
Page 21 and 22: uses of medicinal plants (Matsiliza
Page 23 and 24: under strict quality control measur
Page 25 and 26: The utilization and identification
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.1.2 Phytomedicine and phytochem
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.1.3 Conservation of medicinal p
Page 31 and 32: interactions (Peoples Medical Socie
Page 33 and 34: Some of the medicinal plants invest
Page 35 and 36: 2.2.3.1 Bulbine frutescens Bulbine
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.3.4 Zantedeschia aethiopica Thi
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 TOPICAL BURN WOUND INFECTIONS 2
Page 41 and 42: p. 386). The process of wound heali
Page 43 and 44: techniques especially when handling
Page 45 and 46: ody warm to prevent hypothermia, es
Page 47 and 48: 2.3.3 Bacteria selected for investi
Page 49 and 50: TABLE 2 Summary of the selected tes
Page 51 and 52: extremely difficult to control. Res
Page 53 and 54: 2001), the traditional method of pr
Page 55 and 56: Step 1: EXTRACTION: Fresh medicinal
Page 57 and 58:
different steps performed to obtain
Page 59 and 60:
4.2.2 Traditional preparations Besi
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Twofold serial dilutions were made
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microtitre plate assay. Following p
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Plates supplemented with PNPG No PN
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CHAPTER 5 RESULTS Different solvent
Page 69 and 70:
Undiluted plant extract concentrati
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number of bacterial strains of whic
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59 TABLE 6 Continues: S. pyogenes [
Page 75 and 76:
The different extracts of B. frutes
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TABLE 7 Bacteria tested: Screening
Page 79 and 80:
5.1.5 Standard antimicrobial sensit
Page 81 and 82:
TABLE 8a Standard antimicrobial sen
Page 83 and 84:
5.1.6 Plant extract dilutions that
Page 85 and 86:
The extracts of L. leonurus inhibit
Page 87 and 88:
TABLE 9a Representation of the extr
Page 89 and 90:
The lowest MIC’s of B. frutescens
Page 91 and 92:
5.1.8 The number of bacterial strai
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displayed antibacterial activity ag
Page 95 and 96:
TABLE 12 Medicinal plants: Antibact
Page 97 and 98:
5.2.2 Antibacterial activity of tra
Page 99 and 100:
Controls S. aureus [no. 1] K. pneum
Page 101 and 102:
The growing threat and spread of an
Page 103 and 104:
was presented for extraction as a s
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aethiopica inhibited a maximum of 1
Page 107 and 108:
the agar dilution assay (Table 12 &
Page 109 and 110:
Further testing on the plant extrac
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Brantner, A. & Grein, E. (1994). An
Page 113 and 114:
Greenwood, D., Slack, R.C. & Peuthe
Page 115 and 116:
Matsiliza, B. & Barker, N.P. (2001)
Page 117 and 118:
Shale, T.L., Stirk, W.A., and van S
Page 119:
http://gardening.worldonline.co.za/
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