Manual for Training Police on Anti Human Trafficking

Basic Concepts on Human Trafficking
beggary
adoption rackets
entertainment and sports (camel racing, exotic dancing, circus, etc.)
others
The problem of labour exploitation is widely prevalent in India. According to the Supreme Court of
India, all those people who are paid less than the stipulated minimum wages are being exploited.
Besides, there are 120 million children between six and fourteen years who are not going to schools. A
study from India holds the number to be approximately 470 million people – nearly half the country’s
population – who are in a state of bondage in India. 8
Non-CS exploitation comes in many <strong>for</strong>ms: <strong>for</strong>ced labour can be of the domestic, industrial or agricultural
kind, and it can also take place in the way of begging, organ trade and false marriage. There are various
factors which place persons at greater risk of being trafficked; however, among those at risk, women and
children are the most vulnerable. With the below-listed in mind, of groups vulnerable to trafficking/
conditions of vulnerability, it is plain to see why combinations such as poverty and physical disability
make <strong>for</strong> an ideal combination <strong>for</strong> children to be trafficked 9 .
h) Who are more vulnerable to being trafficked and why?
The following are some groups of people that are more vulnerable to being trafficked <strong>for</strong> commercial
sexual exploitation, <strong>for</strong>ced labour and other <strong>for</strong>ms of trafficking:
Girl children from vulnerable families/places
Women and girls who are illiterate and who are not aware of their rights
Women and girls from disadvantaged and marginalized groups (scheduled castes and tribes,
particularly girl children from communities such as Bedia, Kanjar, Gujjar, Devadasi, Nats, etc.)
Women and girls from areas affected by natural disasters, political conflict, and other similar
disabilities.
Young girls trafficked <strong>for</strong> child marriage
Young girls and young boys targeted <strong>for</strong> pedophilia
Men and young boys are also trafficked <strong>for</strong> bonded/<strong>for</strong>ced/exploitative labour
i) What makes people vulnerable to being trafficked?
Following are some of the reasons which are, illustrative and not exhaustive.
1. Lack of livelihood opportunities
2. Relative disparities of income, employment and livelihoods among societies.
3. Illiteracy
4. Lack of economic development
5. Increasing commodification of women.
6. Increase in demand <strong>for</strong> women and children <strong>for</strong> the purposes of sexual and labour exploitation.
7. Increase in demand <strong>for</strong> illegal labour.
8. Growth in crime syndicates.
9. Political unrest (as in the case of North East, Naxalite areas)
10. Poor law en<strong>for</strong>cement
j) Where can CSE take place?
The scene of crime 10 (SOC) includes the source, the transit and destination points. In fact, in the case of
CSE, the SOC is not limited to the place of exploitation – or, <strong>for</strong> example, the brothel alone.
There<strong>for</strong>e, <strong>for</strong> example, CSE can take place:
On the streets
In massage parlours
At bars
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