Crustacea: Copepoda - Cerambycoidea.com

Epiphyte associates: the algae, mosses, liverworts, lichens and micro-fungi which
use exposed bark surfaces as structure to grow upon provide further difficulties,
mainly through misinterpretation by the human recorders. Plaited door snail
Cochlodina laminata is commonly found on tree trunks and branches and may be
found sheltering deep inside wood-decay cavities, but it is most definitely part of the
epiphyte communities not wood-decay. The greatest difficulties occur with predatory
species, as species using the epiphytes as cover and shelter will feed not only on the
inhabitants of the epiphyte cover but also on any wood-decay associates which they
encounter. Many spiders are characteristic of the outer bark of trees and, like plaited
door snail, may shelter deep within decay cavities and even foray for food into the
interior of the tree.
Caches, etc: an interesting note by Whitehead (1986) drew attention to the presence
of skeletal fragments of a wide range of woodland beetles inside a hollowed oak
pollard which were associated with a cache of nuts and seeds gathered by a wood
mouse. This is a useful warning for when attempting to draw conclusions based on
fragments found in wood decay.
Life history and ecology. Decaying wood provides excellent cover or shelter for
many species that do not actually develop within it. Many species which may be
encountered while sampling decaying wood may therefore be irrelevant to this listing,
although the details of their life histories and ecology may be so inadequate that they
are included by mistake. Examples include species that are diurnal and spend the
hours of darkness within wood and vice versa, others that over-winter or aestivate in
deadwood, and even those which pupate in deadwood but develop elsewhere.
Biogeography
There are essentially two major faunas here, the Atlantic version of temperate broad-leaved
forest fauna and the boreal forest fauna. The Atlantic temperate fauna is widespread over
lowland Britain, as far north as southern Scotland; it becomes increasingly species poor in the
west, although this is perhaps a reflection of the increasingly "highland conditions" of the
older rocks. In Ireland, the fauna is very much a relict one owing to the very extensive forest
clearances, and the character is something of a hybrid between the temperate and boreal
forests of Britain. The northern parts of Scotland have boreal pine, birch and aspen forests,
with a fauna more akin to that of Scandinavia than to the rest of Britain. A good proportion
of the species are common to both broad categories, but others are clearly characteristic of
temperate or boreal forest in the British Isles. Relationships with the continental faunas has
not been considered to any great extent.
Structure of the annotated list
The species accounts are a synthesis and summary of a large number of records and
observations, both published and unpublished, and include some ecological analysis of the
available information. It was felt that full citations would make the text unacceptably
cumbersome. The decision was therefore taken not to include details of the source, but to
provide a bibliography of some of the most important sources. The non-aculeate
Hymenoptera is treated as an exception as knowledge of the taxonomy and biology of this
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