Hope Not Hype - Third World Network

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Biotechnologies for Sustainable Cultures 95 Africa draw a significant part of their livelihood from the higher milk yields they obtain from genetically improved dairy cattle (World Bank, 2007, p. 162). Breeding based on conventional selection has been the mainstay of livestock genetic improvement for more than 70 years, and it still is today…For example, continuous selection for growth rate in chickens bred for their meat has produced birds that are now four times heavier than those bred to lay eggs (Clark and Whitelaw, 2003, p. 825). The reasons behind this success are varied, from the accessibility of the technology to the farmer to the wide variety of conventional techniques for livestock improvement, many of which can be augmented using DNA technologies but not requiring genetic engineering. Many different biotechnologies have been incorporated into livestock breeding programs to accelerate the rate of genetic improvement. These include artificial insemination (AI), siretesting programs using data collected from thousands of offspring, synchronization of estrus, embryo transfer, cryopreservation of gametes and embryos, and DNA-based marker-assisted selection of genetically superior animals (van Eenennaam, 2006, p. 133). [Quantitative trait loci] have been identified for several livestock species and marker-assisted selection is now used in commercial livestock breeding programmes alongside conventional selection (Clark and Whitelaw, 2003, p. 825). Conventional approaches continue to demonstrate their relevance and usefulness without needing modern biotechnological approaches. Marker-assisted selection breeding technology for both plants and animals is likely to allow controlled, increasingly complex genetic traits in animal and plant reproduction, without the need for genetic modification (Futurewatch, 2005, p. 11). Moreover, transgenic technologies are lagging far behind the relevance of conventional technologies. It will take both a better understanding of the genomes of livestock, with the anticipated increase in candidate genes to choose from, and a major practical success before transgenic technology seriously challenges genetic improvement of livestock through selection for most conventional traits (Clark and Whitelaw, 2003, p. 830). In summary, conventional approaches to producing new animal breeds and plant varieties are nowhere near exhausted. Their relevance is current and will continue to produce, in the terminology of Chapter Two, “bird in the hand” products. There are no unanswered criticisms of conventional approaches that make transgenic approaches inevitable. Continued research and experimentation inspired by public good rather than private wealth creation, however, may yield new benefits and presently unrealized
96 Hope Not Hype opportunities for GMOs in the future, and thus the context of modern biotechnological research should be changed to foster the promise it offers. Meanwhile, numerous studies are indicating that agroecological agriculture delivers on its promises and it builds sustainable societies. This, more than industrial/GM agriculture, is a holistic solution to the problems of food availability and poverty. Since agroecological agriculture is more productive, it leads to local production above the needs of the farmer and the development of local markets, increasing community wealth. Agroecological agriculture also better integrates food production into the community than does the conventional/industrial type, and thus encourages employment. Overall higher employment levels lead to societies more capable of purchasing food. Moreover, this practice increases the skill level of the workforce and creates training opportunities that span generations.
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16 Hope Not Hype Gerbens-Leenes, P.
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28 Hope Not Hype References Coghlan
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