Hope Not Hype - Third World Network

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Presence 45 see also Uribarri et al., 2007), including wound healing retardation (Peppa et al., 2003) in diabetics, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (Elliott, 2006). Lysinederived AGEs have been linked to cancer (Heijst et al., 2005). Higher levels of AGEs have also been detected in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) patients, but the cause and consequences are unknown (Freixes et al., 2006). Glycation can increase the longevity of peptides in the intestine, possibly contributing to glycoxidation-implicated diabetes-related autoimmunity (Elliott, 2006). LY038 and its derivatives have the potential to boost AGE exposure from all foods that have a corn component, including many processed foods which are heated to high temperatures. Processing of some ready-to-eat cereals, which includes heating at temperatures over 230°C, may explain the high AGE content of these products. Also, many cereals and snack-type foods undergo an extrusion process under high pressure to produce pellets of various shapes and densities. This treatment causes major chemical changes, thermal degradation, dehydration, depolarization, and recombination of fragments all of which can promote glycoxidation (Goldberg et al., 2004, pp. 1288-1289). People in different countries are also exposed to different risks because of their culture or circumstances (also see Appendix Three for a related discussion). For example, Mexicans and Africans eat significantly more corn per capita than do New Zealanders (Table 4.5). The proportion of daily protein from corn for an African is 40 times that for New Zealanders (Table 4.5). A protein- or amino-based food hazard is therefore a quantitatively different risk for Mexicans and Africans than it is for Americans and New Zealanders. That is why international food safety guidelines (such as those developed under the Codex Alimentarius Commission) allow consumption patterns to be taken into account. Information about the known patterns of use and consumption of a food, and its derivatives should be used to estimate the likely intake of the food derived from the recombinant-DNA plant. The expected intake of the food should be used to assess the nutritional implications of the altered nutrient profile both at customary and maximal levels of consumption. Basing the estimate on the highest likely consumption provides assurance that the potential for any undesirable nutritional effects will be detected. Attention should be paid to the particular physiological characteristics and metabolic requirements of specific population groups such as infants, children, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly and those with chronic diseases or compromised immune systems (Codex, 2003, p. 19). Mexicans who live in New Zealand but retain their cultural consumption patterns may be overlooked if a regulator only bases food hazard on per capita (customary) consumption. For example, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) discounted food hazards from LY038 based in part on average consumption data:
46 Hope Not Hype Even if all corn products consumed by Australian and New Zealander consumers were derived from LY038 corn, this would represent an insignificant increase in lysine consumption as Australian and New Zealand populations consume only relatively small quantities of cornderived products (FSANZ, 2006, p. 76). Table 4.4: Comparisons of free lysine in common foods and LY038 Annual Free Free Free Total Lysine (g) Lysine Food Lysine Lysine Free/Total Consumption 1 Reference (mg/100g) (mg/100g) Lysine (%) Australia/New Zealand Corn, LY038 135 2 480 28 7.2/3.3 LY038(-)3 2 320 0.9 0.2/0.075 Lentils 1957 Rozan et al. raw 13* 0.6 (2000) cotyledon seedling 30* 1.5 Fish 3 Antoine mahi-mahi 53 N/A N/D 11.7/14 et al. flounder 17 1731 1 3.8/4.5 (1999) bigeye tuna 8 2147 0.4 1.8/2.1 *fresh weight 1 Based on annual per capita corn consumption of 2.5kg in New Zealand and 5.3kg in Australia. Source: FAOSTAT 2006. 2 Source: Table 14 of Monsanto study MSL 19172 (Reynolds et al., 2004). 3 Based on annual per capita fish consumption of 26.3kg in New Zealand and 22.1kg in Australia. Source: FAOSTAT 2006. Table 4.5: Country-specific dietary profiles for corn/maize Proportion Consumer Annual consumption/ Daily calories/capita Daily Daily fat/capita capita (kg) proteins/capita Africa 38 0.1 0.2 0.06 (developing countries) Mexico 126 0.3 0.3 0.1 New 3 0.007 0.005 0.0008 Zealand USA 13 0.03 0.02 0.002 Source: FAOSTAT 2008 for year 2003.
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98 Hope Not Hype Marris, E. (2008).
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