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Appendix Two: The Indirect Benefits of Genetic Engineering are Not Sustainable 147 associated with the bi-directional flow of genes between crop and sexually compatible weeds (Heinemann, 2007). Weed plants that also could extend their vigour under these conditions would have the potential to persist and invade non-agricultural lands that currently are inhospitable to these plants (Heinemann, 2008). [New transgenic] traits such as stress-tolerance may increase competitive ability allowing the species to invade into natural habitats and/or replace natural or agricultural communities by expanding plantings into regions where the crop previously could not grow. For example, if aluminium-tolerant crops could be planted on a large scale in high aluminium, acidic soils, such as savannas or cleared rainforests, this may reduce biodiversity or endanger or eliminate the original communities. This might be particularly devastating in savannas, such as the Brazilian cerrado, because they often sustain a high biodiversity (Andow and Zwahlen, 2006, p. 208). That kind of invasion could have severe environmental consequences. Biological invasions are believed to be the second largest cause of current biodiversity loss, after habitat destruction (Keane and Crawley, 2002, p. 164). The estimated cost of biological invasions in just six countries – the US, the UK, Australia, South Africa, India, and Brazil – is US$314 billion (Pimentel et al., 2001).
148 Hope Not Hype References Andow, D. A. and Zwahlen, C. (2006). Assessing environmental risks of transgenic plants. Ecol. Lett. 9, 196-214. Basu, C., Halfhill, M. D., Mueller, T. C. and Stewart, J. C. N. (2004). Weed genomics: new tools to understand weed biology. Trends Pl. Sci. 9, 391-398. Canola Council (2007). http://www.canola-council.org/volwheatbarley.aspx. Date of access: 4 March 2007. Chen, L. J., Lee, D. S., Song, Z. P., Suh, H. S. and Lu, B.-R. (2004). Gene Flow from Cultivated Rice (Oryza sativa) to its Weedy and Wild Relatives. Ann. Bot. 93, 67-73. D’Hertefeldt, T., Jorgensen, R. B. and Pettersson, L. B. (2008). Long-term persistence of GM oilseed rape in the seedbank. Biol. Lett. published online, 314-317. DuPont (2008). http://www2.dupont.com/Biotechnology/en_US/science_knowledge/ herbicide_resistance/faq.html#one. Date of access: 12 April 2008. Heinemann, J. A. (2007). A typology of the effects of (trans)gene flow on the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources. Bsp35r1. UN FAO. Heinemann, J. A. (2008). Desert grain. The Ecologist 38, 22-24. IAASTD, ed. (2009). Agriculture at a Crossroads: The Synthesis Report (Washington, D.C., Island Press). Keane, R. M. and Crawley, M. J. (2002). Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17, 164-170. Marvier, M. and Van Acker, R. C. (2005). Can crop transgenes be kept on a leash Front. Ecol. Environ. 3, 99-106. Pennisi, E. (2008). The Blue Revolution, Drop by Drop, Gene by Gene. Science 320, 171-173. Pimentel, D., McNair, S., Janecka, J., Wightman, J., Simmonds, C., O’Connell, C., Wong, E., Russel, L., Zern, J., Aquino, T. and Tsomondo, T. (2001). Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 84, 1-20. Sinden, J., Jones, R., Hester, S., Odom, D., Kalisch, C., James, R. and Cacho, O., eds. (2004). The economic impact of weeds in Australia: summary (Adelaide, CRC for Australian Weed Management). Sinden, J. A. and Griffith, G. (2007). Combining economic and ecological arguments to value the environmental gains from control of 35 weeds in Australia. Ecol. Econ. 61, 396-408. Tilman, D. (1999). Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: The need for sustainable and efficient practices. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5995-6000. Zapiola, M. L., Campbell, C. K., Butler, M. D. and Mallory-Smith, C. A. (2008). Escape and establishment of transgenic glyphosate-resistant creeping bentgrass Agrostis stolonifera in Oregon, USA: a 4-year study. J. Appl. Ecol. 45, 486-494.
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vi Hope Not Hype IR kg MAB/S μg mg
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22 Hope Not Hype The larger issue t
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44 Hope Not Hype Figure 4.1: Lysine
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50 Hope Not Hype References Antoine
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54 Hope Not Hype The plant science
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56 Hope Not Hype Comments such as S
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58 Hope Not Hype nologies in Midvil
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60 Hope Not Hype The authors of the
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62 Hope Not Hype Tabashnik, B. E.,
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64 Hope Not Hype So far, we do not
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66 Hope Not Hype Does genetic engin
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68 Hope Not Hype Bacillus producing
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70 Hope Not Hype Box 6.1: Do insect
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76 Hope Not Hype Heinemann, J. A. (
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78 Hope Not Hype WHO (2005). Modern
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80 Hope Not Hype The Assessment tex
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82 Hope Not Hype adapted to tempera
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86 Hope Not Hype Future productivit
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88 Hope Not Hype The traditional sm
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92 Hope Not Hype In places like sub
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94 Hope Not Hype GM fish production
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