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Thackeray – ANL V.F.1 Energy Frontier Research Center at ANL (ANL) (PBFC-5), Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, 1-5 August (2011). FY 2011 Annual Progress Report 665 Energy Storage R&D
V.F.2 Novel In Situ Diagnostics Tools for Li-ion Battery Electrodes (LBNL) Jordi Cabana, Robert Kostecki Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd. MS62R0203 Berkeley, CA 94720-8168 e-mail: jcabana@lbl.gov Phone: (+1) 510-486-7097 Fax: (+1) 510-486-8097 Start Date: September 2009 Projected End Date: September 2011 Objectives · Develop synchrotron-based Transmission X-ray Microscopy (TXM) and X-ray Raman Spectroscopy (XRS) for the production of unprecedented insight into Li-ion battery electrode operation. · Develop setups that allow the collection of data during the electrochemical reaction. Technical Barriers Better understanding of the fundamental processes that occur in Li-ion batteries at different levels is essential for progress toward better performance. There is a need for new diagnostics techniques with high sensitivity and that cover wide time and dimension scales to probe phenomena at surfaces and interfaces, and the evolution of the phase transitions and boundaries upon electrode operation. Given the importance of kinetics and transient phenomena that occur in batteries, the development of these new techniques must run concurrent to the development of setups that enable the performance of experiments in real time. Technical Targets · Understand impact of materials and electrode design on performance and the underlying mechanisms of reaction. · Develop synchrotron-based tools for the study of fundamental processes in battery materials. · Streamline the use of these tools to answer questions that span from fundamental to close-to-application problems, with potential impact in other DOE programs such as BATT or ABR. · Obtain 2D and 3D maps with chemical resolution of battery electrodes reacting through intercalation and conversion mechanisms. · Reveal the nature of chemical bonding between Li and host lattice in intercalation materials. Accomplishments · 2D and 3D Fe K edge XANES tomography images of partially delithiated LiFePO 4 have been collected. · XRS data on graphite and its lithiated compounds has revealed the changes in electronic structure and bonding occurring in the material. · In operando setups for XRS and TXM have been designed and demonstrated. Introduction In order to fulfill the energy density and life requirements for batteries in emerging applications such as transportation or grid storage, new electrode materials have to be developed and the performance of existing materials maximized. Because Li-extraction/insertion is a diffusion-controlled process that depends on both electron and ion conduction, the design of architectures that optimize these parameters is critical to achieve ultimate performance. Fundamental understanding of how the number of points of contact for transport of electrons from the current collector and ions from the electrolyte into the active material particles affects the utilization of the material is needed to approach these limits. Nevertheless, this picture still ignores the fact that Li extraction in a variety of candidate materials is further complicated by the fact that it involves multiple consecutive (even simultaneous) phases, in which the movement of interfaces is key to the progress of the reaction. Therefore, insight into how individual particles electrochemically transform depending on conditions such as particle size/shape, carbon coating or rate at which the material is operated, could provide vital information that could be integrated into the process of electrode design to result in architectures with close-to-theoretical utilization. On the other hand, diffusion within the active material particle will determine how large this particle can be to perform satisfactorily at desired rates of operation. This diffusion is determined by the interaction of the charge carrier with its environment. Therefore, understanding of the nature of chemical bonding between ions and the lattice can provide valuable information about the bottlenecks that exist for their mobility. Removing these barriers through materials design could enable the use of larger particles which, in turn, increase the density of the Energy Storage R &D 666 FY 2011 Annual Progress Report
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V. FOCUSED FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH Int
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V.A Introduction Duong - DOE, Srini
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V.B Cathode Development V.B.1 First
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V.B.1 First Principles Calculations
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V.B.1 First Principles Calculations
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V.B.2 Cell Analysis, High-energy De
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V.B.3 Olivines and Substituted Laye
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V.B.4 Stabilized Spinels and Nano O
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V.B.4 Stabilized Spinels and Nano O
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V.B.5 The Synthesis and Characteriz
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V.B.5 Synthesis & Characterization
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V.B.6 Cell Analysis-Interfacial Pro
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V.B.6 Cell Analysis-Interfacial Pro
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V.B.7 Role of Surface Chemistry on
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V.B.8 Characterization of New Catho
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V.B.8 Characterization of New Catho
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V.B.9 Layered Cathode Materials (AN
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V.B.10 Development of High Energy C
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V.B.10 Development of High Energy C
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V.B.11 Crystal Studies on High-ener
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V.B.12 Developing Materials for Lit
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V.B.13 Studies on the Local SOC and
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V.B.13 Studies on the Local SOC and
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V.B.14 New Cathode Projects (LBNL)
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V.C.1 Nanoscale Composite Hetero-st
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V.C.1 Nanoscale Composite Hetero-st
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V.C.2 Interfacial Processes - Diagn
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V.C.3 Search for New Anode Material
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V.C.4 Nano-structured Materials as
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V.C.4 Nano-structured Materials as
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V.C.5 Development of High Capacity
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V.C.5 Development of High Capacity
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V.C.6 Advanced Binder for Electrode
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V.C.6 Advanced Binder for Electrode
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V.C.7 Three-Dimensional Anode Archi
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ARGONNE2_CDJ403T me Pro ile V.C.7 T
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V.C.8 Metal-Based High-Capacity Li-
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V.C.8 Metal-Based High-Capacity Li-
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V.C.9 New Layered Nanolaminates for
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V.C.9 New Layered Nanolaminates for
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V.C.10 Atomic Layer Deposition for
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V.C.10 Atomic Layer Deposition for
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V.C.11 Synthesis and Characterizati
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V.C.11 Polymer-Coated Layered SiOx-
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V.C.12 Synthesis and Characterizati
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V.C.12 Silicon Clathrates for Anode
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V.C.12 Silicon Clathrates for Anode
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V.C.13 Wiring Up Silicon Nanopartic
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V.C.13 Wiring Up Silicon Nanopartic
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V.C.14 Hard Carbon Materials for Hi
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V.C.14 Hard Carbon Materials for Hi
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V.D.1 Polymer Electrolytes for Adva
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V.D.1 Polymer Electrolytes for Adva
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V.D.2 Interfacial Behavior of Elect
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V.D.2 Interfacial Behavior of Elect
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V.D.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
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V.D.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
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V.D.4 Bi-functional Electrolytes fo
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V.D.4 Bi-functional Electrolytes fo
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V.D.5 Advanced Electrolyte and Elec
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V.D.6 Inexpensive, Nonfluorinated (
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Page 163 and 164: V.E Cell Analysis, Modeling, and Fa
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