proto-southwestern-tai revised: a new reconstruction - seals 22

Ende Phonology 201
/ n d/ ~ /d/ ndeka / n dəka/ ‘at, in’ dega /dəɡa/ ‘clear’
penda /pənda/ ‘brag’ peda /pəda/ ‘k.o. fruit’
/ nd/ ~ /n/ ndeka / ndəka/ ‘at, in’ neka /nəka/ ‘wound’
senda /sənda/ ‘to weave’ sené /səne/ ‘lid’
/ nd/ ~ /ɗ/ nduki / nduki/ ‘persistent’ dhuku /ɗuku/ ‘to squat’
penda /pə n da/ ‘brag’ pédhé /peɗe/ ‘to cook’
/ ŋ ɡ/ ~ /ɡ/ ngguru / ŋ ɡuɾu/ ‘ring’ guru /ɡuɾu/ ‘teacher’
tenggo /təŋɡo/ ‘strong’ tegu /təɡu/ ‘to swallow’
/ ŋɡ/ ~ /ŋ/ ngguru / ŋɡuɾu/ ‘ring’ nguru /ŋuɾu/ ‘smell’
ronggo /ɾo ŋ ɡo/ ‘backside’ rongo /ɾoŋo/ ‘goat’
The Glottal stop
The glottal stop /Ɂ/ is both phonemic in the word-initial and intervocalic positions. Truly
vowel initial words, that is, words lacking a glottal onset, show different phonetic
properties in the vowel, such as intensity, length, and breathiness. These properties are
assumed here to result from the lack of an initial glottal stop. However, this aspect of Ende
phonology needs further investigation. This issue is discussed further in §2.1.2. Minimal
pairs for the glottal stop are provided below.
/Ɂ/ ~ /ø/ 'iwa /Ɂiwa/ ‘not’ iwa /iwa/ ‘year’
nggaé / ŋ ɡae/ ‘to search’ ngga'é / ŋ ɡaɁe/ ‘God’
Furthermore, the glottal stop contrasts with all other stop consonants, complex or
otherwise.
/Ɂ/ ~ /b/ 'apa /Ɂapa/ ‘what’ baba /baba/ ‘father’
/Ɂ/ ~ /p/ pa'a /paɁa/ ‘offering’ papa /papa/ ‘side’
/Ɂ/ ~ /t/ rha'é /�aɁe/ ‘place’ rhatu /�atu/ ‘to exist’
/Ɂ/ ~ /d/ 'ari /Ɂaɾi/ ‘younger sibling’ dari /daɾi/ ‘to stand’
/Ɂ/ ~ /ɡ/ pa'a /paɁa/ ‘offering’ baga /baɡa/ ‘to step’
/Ɂ/ ~ /k/ no'o /noɁo/ ‘aunt’ noko /noko/ ‘thin’
/Ɂ/ ~ / mb/ rha'é /�aɁe/ ‘space’ rhambu /�ambu/ ‘shirt’
/Ɂ/ ~ / nd/ 'até /Ɂate/ ‘liver’ ndaté / ndate/ ‘heavy’
/Ɂ/ ~ /ŋ/ wa'u /waɁu/ ‘go downward’ wangu /waŋu/ ‘shape of face’
/Ɂ/ ~ / ŋɡ/ 'aé /Ɂae/ ‘water’ nggaé / ŋɡae/ ‘to search’
/Ɂ/ ~ /ɓ/ té'é /teɁe/ ‘mat’ tebhé /t��e/ ‘to drink’
/Ɂ/ ~ /ɗ/ so'o /soɁo/ ‘more’ sodho /so�o/ ‘to inform’