proto-southwestern-tai revised: a new reconstruction - seals 22

212 Bradley McDonnell
it acts a constituent on its own in the non-verbal predicate clause. On the other hand, when
the demonstrative follows a noun as in (1b), it forms an enclitic on the head noun 'ana
‘child’. If the head noun is followed by an adjective or any other modifier, the
demonstrative cliticizes to the last element of the noun phrase as in (1c). Apparently, na
‘this’ can also act as a enclitic of the object of the verb, as in (1d).
(1) a. naa ['ana kami]
this child 1PL.EXCL
‘This is our child’
b. 'ana=na mai warho tau 'apa ndé
child=this come return make what again
‘This child came home to make what again?’
c. ['ana lo'o]=na mai warho tau 'apa ndé
child small =this come return make what again
‘This small child came home to make what again?’
d. kai bharho kaa=na
3SG don’t.want eat=this
‘She doesn’t want to eat this.’
Other enclitics include the perfective aspectual marker, the possessive ligature, and
possessive pronouns. Of these three classes of clitics, the perfective aspectual marker and
the possessive ligature still make a clear alternation between dependent clitic forms and
independent word forms. In the case of the possessive ligature ko'o, the final syllable is lost
and the vowel remains short, forming an enclitic with the previous word as in (2). It is
important to note that words with the shape CViɁVi, in which the two vowels are the same,
commonly undergo the same syllable reduction. However, this reduction may be connected
cliticization. See §2.3.3.1 for further discussion of syllable reduction in Ende.
(2) a. ngara ko'o kau sai ndé
name LIG 2SG who again
‘What’s your name again?’
b. ngara=ko kau sai ndé
name=LIG 2SG who again
‘What’s your name again?’
The perfective adverb peka /p�ka/‘already’ and the perfective aspectual marker ka undergo
a similar reduction, but in this case the first syllable containing a schwa is lost as in (3)
below.
(3) a. 'embu tegu peka aé sa=gela méré
grandmother swallow already water NUM=glass big
‘Grandmother had drunk a big glass of water.’