The Exploit: A Theory of Networks - asounder

168 Notes
social levels. The United States and its allies probably hold only marginal
advantages at the narrative and technological levels.”
8. Clay Shirky, “Power Laws, Weblogs, and Inequality,” http: // www
.shirky.com/ writings/ powerlaw_weblog.html (accessed June 11, 2005).
9. Gilles Deleuze, Negotiations, trans. Martin Joughin (Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 178.
Nodes
1. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, Networks and Netwars: The Future
of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (Santa Monica: Rand, 2001), 6. A similar
litany from 1996 reads: “Netwar is about Hamas more than the PLO, Mexico’s
Zapatistas more than Cuba’s Fidelistas, the Christian Identity Movement
more than the Ku Klux Klan, the Asian Triads more than the Sicilian
Mafia, and Chicago’s Gangsta Disciples more than the Al Capone Gang.”
See John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, The Advent of Netwar (Santa Monica:
Rand, 1996), 5. Arquilla and Ronfeldt coined the term “netwar,” which
they define as “an emerging mode of conflict (and crime) at societal levels,
short of traditional military warfare, in which the protagonists use network
forms of organization and related doctrines, strategies, and technologies attuned
to the information age.” Arquilla and Ronfeldt, Networks and Netwars,
6.
2. Mark Wigley, “Network Fever,” Grey Room 4 (2001).
3. The largest and most important publication series for Internet protocols
is called “Request for Comments” (RFC). A few thousand RFC documents
have been drafted to date. They are researched, published, and maintained
by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and related
organizations.
4. If this section seems overly brief, it is because we have already devoted
some attention in other publications to the definition of the concept.
See in particular Eugene Thacker, Biomedia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, 2004); and Alexander Galloway, Protocol (Cambridge: MIT
Press, 2004).
5. Overviews of graph theory are contained in any college - level discrete
mathematics textbook. See also Gary Chartrand, Introductory Graph
Theory (New York: Dover, 1977). For a historical overview, see Norman
Biggs et al., Graph Theory, 1736– 1936 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1976). Graph
theory principles are commonly used in communications and network routing
problems, as well as in urban planning (road and subway systems), industrial
engineering (workflow in a factory), molecular biology (proteomics),
and Internet search engines.
6. See Paul Baran, On Distributed Communications (Santa Monica:
Rand, 1964).