The Exploit: A Theory of Networks - asounder

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Nodes 59 takes on new forms in the societies of control. As we’ve mentioned, for Deleuze a mode of individuation has little to do with individual human subjects, and more to do with the process through which a number of different kinds of aggregates are maintained over time. Individuation is key for understanding the construction of the entity, but it is equally key for understanding the construction and maintenance of the molecular aggregate (the network). Gilbert Simondon, writing about the relationships between individuation and social forms, suggests that we should “understand the individual from the perspective of the process of individuation rather than the process of individuation by means of the individual.” 28 A network deploys several types of individuation in the same time and space. It individuates itself as such from inside (organized political protests) or is individuated from the outside (repeated references by the United States to a “terrorist network”). The first type of individuation is that of the macroidentification of the network as a cohesive whole. This is, of course, a paradoxical move, since a key property of any network is its heterogeneity. Hence the first type of individuation is in tension with the second type of individuation in networks, the individuation of all the nodes and edges that constitute the system, for while the whole is greater than the sum of the parts, it is nevertheless the parts (or the localized action of the parts) that in turn constitute the possibility for the individuation of “a” network as a whole. Of course, the way the first individuation occurs may be quite different from the way the second occurs. The individuation of the network as a whole is different from the individuation of the network components. However, both concern themselves with the topology of the network. In the context of networks, individuation will have to be understood differently. Instead of the classical definition, in which indi - viduation is always concerned with the production of individuals (be they people, political parties, or institutions), in the control society, individuation is always concerned with the tension between the
60 Nodes individuation of networks as a whole and the individuation of the component parts of networks. Individuation in the control society is less about the production of the one from the many, and more about the production of the many through the one. In the classical model, it is the hive that individuates the drone. Here, however, every drone always already facilitates the existence of multiple coexisting hives. It is a question not of being individuated as a “subject” but instead of being individuated as a node integrated into one or more networks. Thus one speaks not of a subject interpellated by this or that social force. One speaks instead of “friends of friends,” of the financial and health networks created by the subject simply in its being alive. The distinction from political philosophy between the individual and the group is transformed into a protocological regulation between the network as a unity and the network as a heterogeneity (what computer programmers call a “struct,” a grouping of dissimilar data types). It is the management of this unity– heterogeneity flow that is most important. In terms of protocological control, the question of individuation is a question of how discrete nodes (agencies) and their edges (actions) are identified and managed as such. Iden ti - fi cation technologies such as biometrics, tagging, and profiling are important in this regard, for they determine what counts as a node or an edge in a given network. Some key questions emerge: What resists processes of individuation? What supports or diversifies them? Does it change depending on the granularity of the analysis? 2. Networks are a multiplicity. They are robust and flexible. While networks can be individuated and identified quite easily, networks are also always “more than one.” Networks are multiplicities, not because they are constructed of numerous parts but because they are organized around the principle of perpetual inclusion. It is a question of a formal arrangement, not a finite count. This not only means that networks can and must grow (adding nodes or edges) but, more important, means that networks are reconfigurable in new ways
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The Exploit
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The Exploit A Theory of Networks Al
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Contents On Reading This Book vii P
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On Reading This Book It is our inte
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Prolegomenon “We’re Tired of Tr
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Prolegomenon 3 opportunities that t
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Prolegomenon 5 centralized armies f
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Prolegomenon 7 the other hand, the
Page 18 and 19: Prolegomenon 9 Following Foucault,
Page 20 and 21: Prolegomenon 11 Provisional Respons
Page 22 and 23: Prolegomenon 13 comes to thinking a
Page 24 and 25: Prolegomenon 15 grams, where ultima
Page 26 and 27: Prolegomenon 17 rorism in the same
Page 28 and 29: Prolegomenon 19 has nothing to do w
Page 30 and 31: Prolegomenon 21 sovereignty. In the
Page 32 and 33: PART I Nodes The quest for “unive
Page 34 and 35: Nodes Discourse surrounding network
Page 36 and 37: Nodes 27 Benkler, and others, posit
Page 38 and 39: Nodes 29 cols such as http, FTP, an
Page 40 and 41: Nodes 31 tify the political fissure
Page 42 and 43: Nodes 33 From the perspective of gr
Page 44 and 45: Nodes 35 Indeed, one of the argumen
Page 46 and 47: Nodes 37 works. Would it be enough
Page 48 and 49: Nodes 39 and “rule” lies. The n
Page 50 and 51: Nodes 41 modulating, in flux, alive
Page 52 and 53: Nodes 43 ning of the data object. F
Page 54 and 55: Nodes 45 number of top - level name
Page 56 and 57: Nodes 47 This process may be partia
Page 58 and 59: Nodes 49 Biotechnologies today have
Page 60 and 61: Nodes 51 be it in the living cell,
Page 62 and 63: Nodes 53 DNA computing demonstrates
Page 64 and 65: Nodes 55 greater the number of insi
Page 66 and 67: Nodes 57 more accurate or successfu
Page 70 and 71: Nodes 61 and at all scales. Perhaps
Page 72 and 73: Nodes 63 many current network - bas
Page 74 and 75: Nodes 65 face because enmity is alw
Page 76 and 77: Nodes 67 As a concept, swarming der
Page 78 and 79: Nodes 69 Places where faces shouldn
Page 80 and 81: Nodes 71 at which “life itself
Page 82 and 83: Nodes 73 A crucial challenge is to
Page 84 and 85: Nodes 75 concern is not safety anym
Page 86 and 87: Nodes 77 is central in the developm
Page 88 and 89: itself on the side of life, and tur
Page 90 and 91: Nodes 81 Perhaps what is most instr
Page 92 and 93: Nodes 83 ever, the language of biol
Page 94 and 95: Nodes 85 computer’s normal MBR. E
Page 96 and 97: Nodes 87 amples of computer and bio
Page 98 and 99: Nodes 89 identify Lyme disease, the
Page 100 and 101: Nodes 91 Web sites, databases, and
Page 102 and 103: Nodes 93 to our bodies, which has t
Page 104 and 105: Nodes 95 True, in extreme cases suc
Page 106 and 107: fects are almost impossible to pred
Page 108 and 109: Nodes 99 guarded condition, it will
Page 110 and 111: Nodes 101 Societies of Control . .
Page 112 and 113: PART II Edges —Well there it is.
Page 114 and 115: Edges The Datum of Cura I Imagine a
Page 116 and 117: Edges 107 In these visions of healt
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Edges 109 control it seeks to estab
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Edges 111 treatise: Machiavelli’s
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Edges 113 Joseph - Marie Jacquard h
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Edges 115 but that, in the guise of
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Edges 117 tension, duration, and in
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Edges 119 abstract, mathematical pr
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Edges 121 Consider current developm
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Edges 123 simply mean symmetrical c
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Edges 125 focuses on code in isolat
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Edges 127 player online games, and
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Edges 129 role of medicine is to re
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Edges 131 of the supernatural, a di
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Edges 133 proteins, processes that
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Edges 135 muted into quality,” wr
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Edges 137 which cannot be cast into
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Edges 139 the thing, a particular f
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Edges 141 If Latour gives us a para
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Edges 143 tion. Nondistinction effa
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Edges 145 from the technological ve
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Edges 147 spellings, grammatical er
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Coda: Bits and Atoms Networks are a
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Coda 151 robustness that centralize
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Coda 153 tributed network form, jus
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Coda 155 The point here is not that
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Coda 157 ignored, and the network i
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Appendix Notes for a Liberated Comp
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Appendix 161 infinity palimpsest po
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Appendix 163 singular unordered vit
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lose DEVICE mutate SEQUENCE narcole
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Notes Prolegomenon 1. For more on t
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Notes 169 7. Gilles Deleuze, Negoti
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Notes 171 clude GM foods, chemical
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Notes 173 bodies, the new nondiscip
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Notes 175 61. For a popular overvie
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Notes 177 22. On December 1, 2003
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Notes 179 6. Ibid., 2. 7. Ibid., 20
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Electronic Mediations Katherine Hay
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Index abandonment, 110- 11, 136 Abu
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Index 185 body politic, 109- 11 Boe
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Index 187 distributed network. See
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Index 189 Health and Human Services
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Index 191 Metzger, Gustav, 108 Mich
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Index 193 poltergeist, 161 populati
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Index 195 TCP/ IP. See Internet pro
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Alexander R. Galloway is assistant
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