The Exploit: A Theory of Networks - asounder

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Nodes 75 concern is not safety anymore, but security. Safety is about being removed from danger, being apart and surrounded by walls and protections of various kinds, and hence is a fundamentally modern notion; but security means being held in place, being integrated and immobile, being supported by redundant networks of checks and backups, and hence is a thoroughly information - age idea. Security is as much an economic and cultural notion as it is a military one. (Certainly the most evident militaristic example is the recent scare over terrorism and the budgetary boost in the U.S. biowarfare research program.) Biopolitics also remains consonant with neoliberalism in its notion of humanitarian security in the form of health insurance, home care, outpatient services, and the development of biological “banking” institutions (sperm and ova banks, blood banks, tissue banks, etc.). The computer scientists are hawkish on security, too. “Above all,” the Internet standards community writes, “new protocols and practices must not worsen overall Internet security. A sig nifi cant threat to the Internet comes from those individuals who are motivated and capable of exploiting circumstances, events, or vulnerabilities of the system to cause harm.” 47 In fact, security is so central to networked organization that, as a rule, each new Internet protocol must contain a special written section devoted to the topic. In biopolitics, security is precisely this challenge of managing a network of technologies, biologies, and relations between them. Security can be defined, simply, as the most efficient management of life (not necessarily the absence of danger or some concept of personal safety). The challenge of security is the challenge of successfully fostering a network while maintaining an efficient hold on the boundaries that the networks regularly transgress. This is seen in a literal sense in cases surrounding computer viruses (firewalls) and epidemics (travel advisories). The problem of security for biopolitics is the problem of creating boundaries that are selectively permeable. While certain transactions and transgressions are fostered (trade, commerce, tourism), others are blockaded or diverted (sharing information, the commons, immigration). All these network activities, many of which have
76 Nodes become routine in technologically advanced sectors of the world, stem from a foundation that is at once biological and technological. Despite these aspects of biopolitics, the relation between life and politics within a technoscientific frame is never obvious, or stable. In both the sovereign and liberal democratic formations, we find what Giorgio Agamben calls a “zone of indistinction” between “bare life” (biological life) and the qualified life of the citizen (the political subject). 48 In more contemporary situations, we find what Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri refer to as “living immaterial labor” (the “intellectual labor” of the IT industries, technoscience, and media industries). 49 Biopolitics is therefore never an ideology but rather is a particular problem emerging within protocological relations about how and whether to distinguish “life” from “politics.” At this point, we can summarize some of the main features of the biopolitical view of networks in roughly the following way: • A shift in the object of control, from the individualized body or organism of the civil subject to the massified biological species - population. • The development and application of informatic technologies such as statistics and demographics, for calculating averages, generating hierarchies, and establishing norms. • A change in the nature of power, from the sovereign model of a command over death to a regulatory model of fostering, impelling, and optimizing life. • The effect of making the concern for security immanent to social life while also creating networks of all types (social, economic, biological, technological, political). 50 What is the relationship between the Foucauldian concept of biopoli - tics and our constellation of topics: networks, control, and protocol? We can start by saying that in the way in which it operates, biopolitics conceives of networks as existing in real time and therefore as existing dynamically. Biopolitics is a mode in which protocological control manages networks as living networks. In the biopolitical perspective, we perceive a strategic indiscernibility between an informatic view of life and the notion of “life itself.” The concept of “life itself ”
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The Exploit
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The Exploit A Theory of Networks Al
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Contents On Reading This Book vii P
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On Reading This Book It is our inte
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Prolegomenon “We’re Tired of Tr
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Prolegomenon 3 opportunities that t
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Prolegomenon 5 centralized armies f
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Prolegomenon 7 the other hand, the
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Prolegomenon 9 Following Foucault,
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Prolegomenon 11 Provisional Respons
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Prolegomenon 13 comes to thinking a
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Prolegomenon 15 grams, where ultima
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Prolegomenon 17 rorism in the same
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Prolegomenon 19 has nothing to do w
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Prolegomenon 21 sovereignty. In the
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PART I Nodes The quest for “unive
Page 34 and 35: Nodes Discourse surrounding network
Page 36 and 37: Nodes 27 Benkler, and others, posit
Page 38 and 39: Nodes 29 cols such as http, FTP, an
Page 40 and 41: Nodes 31 tify the political fissure
Page 42 and 43: Nodes 33 From the perspective of gr
Page 44 and 45: Nodes 35 Indeed, one of the argumen
Page 46 and 47: Nodes 37 works. Would it be enough
Page 48 and 49: Nodes 39 and “rule” lies. The n
Page 50 and 51: Nodes 41 modulating, in flux, alive
Page 52 and 53: Nodes 43 ning of the data object. F
Page 54 and 55: Nodes 45 number of top - level name
Page 56 and 57: Nodes 47 This process may be partia
Page 58 and 59: Nodes 49 Biotechnologies today have
Page 60 and 61: Nodes 51 be it in the living cell,
Page 62 and 63: Nodes 53 DNA computing demonstrates
Page 64 and 65: Nodes 55 greater the number of insi
Page 66 and 67: Nodes 57 more accurate or successfu
Page 68 and 69: Nodes 59 takes on new forms in the
Page 70 and 71: Nodes 61 and at all scales. Perhaps
Page 72 and 73: Nodes 63 many current network - bas
Page 74 and 75: Nodes 65 face because enmity is alw
Page 76 and 77: Nodes 67 As a concept, swarming der
Page 78 and 79: Nodes 69 Places where faces shouldn
Page 80 and 81: Nodes 71 at which “life itself
Page 82 and 83: Nodes 73 A crucial challenge is to
Page 86 and 87: Nodes 77 is central in the developm
Page 88 and 89: itself on the side of life, and tur
Page 90 and 91: Nodes 81 Perhaps what is most instr
Page 92 and 93: Nodes 83 ever, the language of biol
Page 94 and 95: Nodes 85 computer’s normal MBR. E
Page 96 and 97: Nodes 87 amples of computer and bio
Page 98 and 99: Nodes 89 identify Lyme disease, the
Page 100 and 101: Nodes 91 Web sites, databases, and
Page 102 and 103: Nodes 93 to our bodies, which has t
Page 104 and 105: Nodes 95 True, in extreme cases suc
Page 106 and 107: fects are almost impossible to pred
Page 108 and 109: Nodes 99 guarded condition, it will
Page 110 and 111: Nodes 101 Societies of Control . .
Page 112 and 113: PART II Edges —Well there it is.
Page 114 and 115: Edges The Datum of Cura I Imagine a
Page 116 and 117: Edges 107 In these visions of healt
Page 118 and 119: Edges 109 control it seeks to estab
Page 120 and 121: Edges 111 treatise: Machiavelli’s
Page 122 and 123: Edges 113 Joseph - Marie Jacquard h
Page 124 and 125: Edges 115 but that, in the guise of
Page 126 and 127: Edges 117 tension, duration, and in
Page 128 and 129: Edges 119 abstract, mathematical pr
Page 130 and 131: Edges 121 Consider current developm
Page 132 and 133: Edges 123 simply mean symmetrical c
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Edges 125 focuses on code in isolat
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Edges 127 player online games, and
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Edges 129 role of medicine is to re
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Edges 131 of the supernatural, a di
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Edges 133 proteins, processes that
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Edges 135 muted into quality,” wr
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Edges 137 which cannot be cast into
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Edges 139 the thing, a particular f
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Edges 141 If Latour gives us a para
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Edges 143 tion. Nondistinction effa
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Edges 145 from the technological ve
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Edges 147 spellings, grammatical er
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Coda: Bits and Atoms Networks are a
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Coda 151 robustness that centralize
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Coda 153 tributed network form, jus
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Coda 155 The point here is not that
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Coda 157 ignored, and the network i
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Appendix Notes for a Liberated Comp
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Appendix 161 infinity palimpsest po
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Appendix 163 singular unordered vit
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lose DEVICE mutate SEQUENCE narcole
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Notes Prolegomenon 1. For more on t
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Notes 169 7. Gilles Deleuze, Negoti
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Notes 171 clude GM foods, chemical
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Notes 173 bodies, the new nondiscip
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Notes 175 61. For a popular overvie
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Notes 177 22. On December 1, 2003
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Notes 179 6. Ibid., 2. 7. Ibid., 20
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Electronic Mediations Katherine Hay
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Index abandonment, 110- 11, 136 Abu
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Index 185 body politic, 109- 11 Boe
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Index 187 distributed network. See
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Index 189 Health and Human Services
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Index 191 Metzger, Gustav, 108 Mich
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Index 193 poltergeist, 161 populati
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Index 195 TCP/ IP. See Internet pro
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Alexander R. Galloway is assistant
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