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Nodes 35 Indeed, one of the arguments presented here is to reinforce the notion that material instantiation is coextensive with pattern formation. Material substrate and pattern formation exist in a mutually reciprocal relationship, a relationship that itself brings in social - political and technoscientific forces. Theory (or Technology) In the “Postscript on Control Societies,” a delectably short essay from 1990, Deleuze defines two historical periods: first, the “disciplinary societies” of modernity, growing out of the rule of the sovereign, into the “vast spaces of enclosure,” the social castings and bodily molds that Michel Foucault has described so well; and second, what Deleuze terms the “societies of control” that inhabit the late twentieth century—these are based around protocols, logics of “modulation,” and the “ultrarapid forms of free - floating control.” 7 For Deleuze, “control” means something quite different from its colloquial usage (as in “control room” or “remote control”). Control is not simply manipulation, but rather modulation. One does not simply control a device, a situation, or a group of people; rather, “control” is what enables a relation to a device, a sit - uation, or a group. “People are lines,” Deleuze suggests. As lines, people thread together social, political, and cultural elements. While in disciplinary societies individuals move in a discrete fashion from one institutional enclosure to another (home, school, work, etc.), in the societies of control, individuals move in a continuous fashion between sites (work- from - home, distance learning, etc.). In the disciplinary societies, one is always starting over (initiation and graduation, hiring and retirement). In the control societies, one is never finished (continuing education, midcareer changes). While the disciplinary societies are characterized by physical semiotic constructs such as the signature and the document, the societies of control are characterized by more immaterial ones such as the password and the computer. 8
36 Nodes The problem of “control” in networks is always doubled by two perspectives: one from within the network and one from without the network. Networks are, in this sense, the horizon of control. On the one hand, control is tantamount to forms of network man agement, for control in networks must meet the challenge of network regulation from a site that is internal to the network—the most “controlled” control would be one that pervades the network itself. Control in networks must aim for an effectiveness that is immanent to the network, in the sense that the most perfectly controlled network is one that controls or regulates itself. But, on the other hand, control in networks is always counterbalanced by another challenge: to be effective from outside the network (either as a set of meta - guidelines or as being logically “above” the network itself). The network itself must be articulated as an object of design, implemen - tation, and regulation. Control in this sense does not pervade the network but operates over it; control in this sense is topsight and oversight. The breakdown of disciplinary societies and the emergence of control societies raise a whole host of philosophical problems, problems that are both absolutely “ancient” and contemporary. Take, for example, the notion of “substance.” Classical philosophers from the pre - Socratics to Aristotle mused a great deal on substance. They asked: Of what is the world made? What is the fundamental property of, for example, a living creature that allows us to conceive of and say “creature”? The question of substance is not a question of being: it is not that it exists but rather how it exists. 9 The question is not “what is it?” but rather “how does it work?” The question of substance poses particular problems when thinking about networks. Is it safe to define a network as a substance, as a particular thing? We can ask: Of what is a network made? Is it enough to say that a network is made of fiber - optic cable, routers, and terminals? This would limit our concept of “network” to computer net-
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Page 4 and 5: The Exploit A Theory of Networks Al
Page 6 and 7: Contents On Reading This Book vii P
Page 8 and 9: On Reading This Book It is our inte
Page 10 and 11: Prolegomenon “We’re Tired of Tr
Page 12 and 13: Prolegomenon 3 opportunities that t
Page 14 and 15: Prolegomenon 5 centralized armies f
Page 16 and 17: Prolegomenon 7 the other hand, the
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Page 20 and 21: Prolegomenon 11 Provisional Respons
Page 22 and 23: Prolegomenon 13 comes to thinking a
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Page 26 and 27: Prolegomenon 17 rorism in the same
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Page 30 and 31: Prolegomenon 21 sovereignty. In the
Page 32 and 33: PART I Nodes The quest for “unive
Page 34 and 35: Nodes Discourse surrounding network
Page 36 and 37: Nodes 27 Benkler, and others, posit
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Page 40 and 41: Nodes 31 tify the political fissure
Page 42 and 43: Nodes 33 From the perspective of gr
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Page 48 and 49: Nodes 39 and “rule” lies. The n
Page 50 and 51: Nodes 41 modulating, in flux, alive
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Nodes 85 computer’s normal MBR. E
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Nodes 87 amples of computer and bio
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Nodes 89 identify Lyme disease, the
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Nodes 91 Web sites, databases, and
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Nodes 93 to our bodies, which has t
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Nodes 95 True, in extreme cases suc
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fects are almost impossible to pred
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Nodes 99 guarded condition, it will
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Nodes 101 Societies of Control . .
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PART II Edges —Well there it is.
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Edges The Datum of Cura I Imagine a
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Edges 107 In these visions of healt
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Edges 109 control it seeks to estab
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Edges 111 treatise: Machiavelli’s
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Edges 113 Joseph - Marie Jacquard h
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Edges 115 but that, in the guise of
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Edges 117 tension, duration, and in
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Edges 119 abstract, mathematical pr
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Edges 121 Consider current developm
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Edges 123 simply mean symmetrical c
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Edges 125 focuses on code in isolat
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Edges 127 player online games, and
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Edges 129 role of medicine is to re
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Edges 131 of the supernatural, a di
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Edges 133 proteins, processes that
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Edges 135 muted into quality,” wr
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Edges 137 which cannot be cast into
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Edges 139 the thing, a particular f
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Edges 141 If Latour gives us a para
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Edges 143 tion. Nondistinction effa
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Edges 145 from the technological ve
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Edges 147 spellings, grammatical er
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Coda: Bits and Atoms Networks are a
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Coda 151 robustness that centralize
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Coda 153 tributed network form, jus
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Coda 155 The point here is not that
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Coda 157 ignored, and the network i
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Appendix Notes for a Liberated Comp
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Appendix 161 infinity palimpsest po
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Appendix 163 singular unordered vit
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lose DEVICE mutate SEQUENCE narcole
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Notes Prolegomenon 1. For more on t
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Notes 169 7. Gilles Deleuze, Negoti
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Notes 171 clude GM foods, chemical
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Notes 173 bodies, the new nondiscip
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Notes 175 61. For a popular overvie
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Notes 177 22. On December 1, 2003
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Notes 179 6. Ibid., 2. 7. Ibid., 20
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Electronic Mediations Katherine Hay
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Index abandonment, 110- 11, 136 Abu
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Index 185 body politic, 109- 11 Boe
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Index 187 distributed network. See
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Index 189 Health and Human Services
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Index 191 Metzger, Gustav, 108 Mich
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Index 193 poltergeist, 161 populati
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Index 195 TCP/ IP. See Internet pro
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Alexander R. Galloway is assistant
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