The Exploit: A Theory of Networks - asounder

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Nodes 77 is central in the development of biological science, but its meanings are not limited to the biological. It is both essentialist (the most real, immediate foundation) and constructed (new sciences such as genetics provide new views of “life itself”). “Life itself” is constructed as a type of limit point, the degree zero of organic vitality. The concept is constructed as having nothing behind or beneath it. “Life itself ” is thought to be self - evident as a concept, and therefore it often remains unquestioned. Yet we suggest that, like any ideological construct, the concept of “life itself ” must continually be produced and reproduced in order to retain its power as a meme. This is evidenced not only by examples in biomedicine (DNA as the unimpeachable “book of life”) but also in the social existence of online virtual communities, wireless mobile technologies, and e - consumerism and entertainment, which take as their target the elevation of an aestheticized life or “lifestyle.” Biopolitics can be understood, in our current network society, as the regulation—and creation—of networks as living networks. Biopolitics achieves this through a multistep process: first, all living forms must be made amenable to an informatic point of view (the hegemony of molecular genetics and cybernetics plays an important role here). Then, once “information” can be viewed as an index into “life,” that information is accommodated by network structures (algorithms, databases, profiles, registrations, therapies, exchanges, login/ password). Finally, once life is information, and once information is a network, then the network is made amenable to protocols—but with the important addition that this real - time, dynamic management of the network is also a real - time, dynamic management of “life itself ” or living networks. 51 Life-Resistance The stress given to security in recent years has made it more and more difficult to offer a compelling theory of resistance, one unfettered by the dark epithets so easily crafted by the political Right—such as “cyberterrorist” or even “hacker,” a word born from love and now tarnished by fear—but we would like to try nonetheless.
78 Nodes The target of resistance is clear enough. It is the vast apparatus of techno - political organization that we call protocol. Deleuze described it as “new forms of resistance against control societies.” 52 Protocological control is key because protocol implements the interactions between networked nodes in all their minute detail. But, as we discussed previously, these protocological networks foster the creation and regulation of life itself. In other words, the set of procedures for monitoring, regulating, and modulating networks as living networks is geared, at the most fundamental level, toward the production of life, in its biological, social, and political capacities. So the target is not simply protocol; to be more precise, the target of resistance is the way in which protocol inflects and sculpts life itself. Power always implies resistance. In relationships of force there are always vector movements going toward and against. This is what Hardt and Negri call “being - against.” 53 It is the vast potential of human life to counter forces of exploitation. Contemplating this in the context of intranetwork conflict, we can ask a further question: How do networks transform the concept of resistance? Can the exploited become the exploiting? As we’ve stated, the distributed character of networks in no way implies the absence of control or the absence of political dynamics. The protocological nature of networks is as much about the maintenance of the status quo as it is about the disturbance of the network. We can begin to address this issue by reconsidering resistance within the context of networked technology. If networks are not just technical systems but also real - time, dynamic, experiential living networks, then it makes sense to consider resistance as also living, as “life - resistance.” There are (at least) two meanings of the phrase “life - resistance”: (1) life is what resists power, and (2) to the extent that it is co - opted by power, “life itself ” must be resisted by living systems. For the first definition (life as resistance to power), we are indebted to Deleuze, who in turn drew on Foucault. “When power. . . takes life as its aim or object,” wrote Deleuze, “then resistance to power already puts
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The Exploit
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The Exploit A Theory of Networks Al
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Contents On Reading This Book vii P
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On Reading This Book It is our inte
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Prolegomenon “We’re Tired of Tr
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Prolegomenon 3 opportunities that t
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Prolegomenon 5 centralized armies f
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Prolegomenon 7 the other hand, the
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Prolegomenon 9 Following Foucault,
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Prolegomenon 11 Provisional Respons
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Prolegomenon 13 comes to thinking a
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Prolegomenon 15 grams, where ultima
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Prolegomenon 17 rorism in the same
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Prolegomenon 19 has nothing to do w
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Prolegomenon 21 sovereignty. In the
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PART I Nodes The quest for “unive
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Nodes Discourse surrounding network
Page 36 and 37: Nodes 27 Benkler, and others, posit
Page 38 and 39: Nodes 29 cols such as http, FTP, an
Page 40 and 41: Nodes 31 tify the political fissure
Page 42 and 43: Nodes 33 From the perspective of gr
Page 44 and 45: Nodes 35 Indeed, one of the argumen
Page 46 and 47: Nodes 37 works. Would it be enough
Page 48 and 49: Nodes 39 and “rule” lies. The n
Page 50 and 51: Nodes 41 modulating, in flux, alive
Page 52 and 53: Nodes 43 ning of the data object. F
Page 54 and 55: Nodes 45 number of top - level name
Page 56 and 57: Nodes 47 This process may be partia
Page 58 and 59: Nodes 49 Biotechnologies today have
Page 60 and 61: Nodes 51 be it in the living cell,
Page 62 and 63: Nodes 53 DNA computing demonstrates
Page 64 and 65: Nodes 55 greater the number of insi
Page 66 and 67: Nodes 57 more accurate or successfu
Page 68 and 69: Nodes 59 takes on new forms in the
Page 70 and 71: Nodes 61 and at all scales. Perhaps
Page 72 and 73: Nodes 63 many current network - bas
Page 74 and 75: Nodes 65 face because enmity is alw
Page 76 and 77: Nodes 67 As a concept, swarming der
Page 78 and 79: Nodes 69 Places where faces shouldn
Page 80 and 81: Nodes 71 at which “life itself
Page 82 and 83: Nodes 73 A crucial challenge is to
Page 84 and 85: Nodes 75 concern is not safety anym
Page 88 and 89: itself on the side of life, and tur
Page 90 and 91: Nodes 81 Perhaps what is most instr
Page 92 and 93: Nodes 83 ever, the language of biol
Page 94 and 95: Nodes 85 computer’s normal MBR. E
Page 96 and 97: Nodes 87 amples of computer and bio
Page 98 and 99: Nodes 89 identify Lyme disease, the
Page 100 and 101: Nodes 91 Web sites, databases, and
Page 102 and 103: Nodes 93 to our bodies, which has t
Page 104 and 105: Nodes 95 True, in extreme cases suc
Page 106 and 107: fects are almost impossible to pred
Page 108 and 109: Nodes 99 guarded condition, it will
Page 110 and 111: Nodes 101 Societies of Control . .
Page 112 and 113: PART II Edges —Well there it is.
Page 114 and 115: Edges The Datum of Cura I Imagine a
Page 116 and 117: Edges 107 In these visions of healt
Page 118 and 119: Edges 109 control it seeks to estab
Page 120 and 121: Edges 111 treatise: Machiavelli’s
Page 122 and 123: Edges 113 Joseph - Marie Jacquard h
Page 124 and 125: Edges 115 but that, in the guise of
Page 126 and 127: Edges 117 tension, duration, and in
Page 128 and 129: Edges 119 abstract, mathematical pr
Page 130 and 131: Edges 121 Consider current developm
Page 132 and 133: Edges 123 simply mean symmetrical c
Page 134 and 135: Edges 125 focuses on code in isolat
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Edges 127 player online games, and
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Edges 129 role of medicine is to re
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Edges 131 of the supernatural, a di
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Edges 133 proteins, processes that
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Edges 135 muted into quality,” wr
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Edges 137 which cannot be cast into
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Edges 139 the thing, a particular f
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Edges 141 If Latour gives us a para
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Edges 143 tion. Nondistinction effa
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Edges 145 from the technological ve
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Edges 147 spellings, grammatical er
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Coda: Bits and Atoms Networks are a
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Coda 151 robustness that centralize
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Coda 153 tributed network form, jus
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Coda 155 The point here is not that
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Coda 157 ignored, and the network i
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Appendix Notes for a Liberated Comp
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Appendix 161 infinity palimpsest po
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Appendix 163 singular unordered vit
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lose DEVICE mutate SEQUENCE narcole
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Notes Prolegomenon 1. For more on t
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Notes 169 7. Gilles Deleuze, Negoti
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Notes 171 clude GM foods, chemical
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Notes 173 bodies, the new nondiscip
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Notes 175 61. For a popular overvie
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Notes 177 22. On December 1, 2003
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Notes 179 6. Ibid., 2. 7. Ibid., 20
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Electronic Mediations Katherine Hay
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Index abandonment, 110- 11, 136 Abu
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Index 185 body politic, 109- 11 Boe
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Index 187 distributed network. See
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Index 189 Health and Human Services
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Index 191 Metzger, Gustav, 108 Mich
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Index 193 poltergeist, 161 populati
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Index 195 TCP/ IP. See Internet pro
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Alexander R. Galloway is assistant
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