Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-21

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Collision Avoidance at Night............................13-5 Approach and Landing .....................................13-5 Chapter 14—Aeronautical Decision Making Origins of ADM Training......................................14-2 The Decision-Making Process ..............................14-3 Defining the Problem........................................14-3 Choosing a Course of Action............................14-3 Implementing the Decision and Evaluating the Outcome ...................................14-3 Risk Management..................................................14-4 Assessing Risk ..................................................14-4 Factors Affecting Decision Making ......................14-5 Pilot Self-Assessment .......................................14-5 Recognizing Hazardous Attitudes ....................14-5 Stress management ...........................................14-6 Use of Resources ..............................................14-6 Internal Resources........................................14-7 External Resources.......................................14-7 Workload Management.....................................14-7 Situational Awareness .......................................14-8 Obstacles to Maintaining Situational Awareness ..................................14-8 Operational Pitfalls.......................................14-8 GYROPLANE Chapter 15—Introduction to the Gyroplane Types of Gyroplanes..............................................15-1 Components...........................................................15-2 Airframe............................................................15-2 Powerplant ........................................................15-2 Rotor System ....................................................15-2 Tail Surfaces .....................................................15-2 Landing Gear ....................................................15-3 Wings ................................................................15-3 Chapter 16—Aerodynamics of the Gyroplane Autorotation...........................................................16-1 Vertical Autorotation.........................................16-1 Rotor Disc Regions...........................................16-2 Autorotation in Forward Flight ........................16-2 Reverse Flow................................................16-3 Retreating Blade Stall ..................................16-3 Rotor Force............................................................16-3 Rotor Lift ..........................................................16-4 Rotor Drag ........................................................16-4 Thrust.....................................................................16-4 Stability .................................................................16-5 Horizontal Stabilizer.........................................16-5 Fuselage Drag (Center of Pressure)..................16-5 Pitch Inertia.......................................................16-5 Propeller Thrust Line........................................16-5 Rotor Force .......................................................16-6 Trimmed Condition...........................................16-6 Chapter 17—Gyroplane Flight Controls Cyclic Control .......................................................17-1 Throttle ..................................................................17-1 Rudder ...................................................................17-2 Horizontal Tail Surfaces........................................17-2 Collective Control .................................................17-2 Chapter 18—Gyroplane Systems Propulsion Systems ...............................................18-1 Rotor Systems .......................................................18-1 Semirigid Rotor System....................................18-1 Fully Articulated Rotor System ........................18-1 Prerotator ...............................................................18-2 Mechanical Prerotator.......................................18-2 Hydraulic Prerotator .........................................18-2 Electric Prerotator.............................................18-3 Tip Jets..............................................................18-3 Instrumentation......................................................18-3 Engine Instruments ...........................................18-3 Rotor Tachometer .............................................18-3 Slip/Skid Indicator ............................................18-4 Airspeed Indicator ............................................18-4 Altimeter ...........................................................18-4 IFR Flight Instrumentation ...............................18-4 Ground Handling...................................................18-4 Chapter 19—Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Gyroplane) Using the Flight Manual........................................19-1 Weight and Balance Section .............................19-1 Sample Problem ...........................................19-1 Performance Section.........................................19-2 Sample Problem ...........................................19-2 Height/Velocity Diagram .............................19-3 Emergency Section ...........................................19-3 Hang Test...............................................................19-4 Chapter 20—Flight Operations Preflight .................................................................20-1 Cockpit Management........................................20-1 Engine Starting......................................................20-1 Taxiing...................................................................20-1 Blade Flap.........................................................20-1 Before Takeoff.......................................................20-2 Prerotation.........................................................20-2 Takeoff...................................................................20-3 Normal Takeoff.................................................20-3 Crosswind Takeoff ............................................20-4 Common Errors for Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs ..........................................20-4 Short-Field Takeoff...........................................20-4 ix
Common Errors............................................20-4 High-Altitude Takeoff ..................................20-4 Soft-Field Takeoff.............................................20-5 Common Errors............................................20-5 Jump Takeoff................................................20-5 Basic Flight Maneuvers.........................................20-6 Straight-and-Level Flight..................................20-6 Climbs...............................................................20-6 Descents ............................................................20-7 Turns .................................................................20-7 Slips..............................................................20-7 Skids.............................................................20-7 Common Errors During Basic Flight Maneuvers ..............................................20-8 Steep Turns .......................................................20-8 Common Errors............................................20-8 Ground Reference Maneuvers...............................20-8 Rectangular Course...........................................20-8 S-Turns............................................................20-10 Turns Around a Point......................................20-11 Common Errors During Ground Reference Maneuvers ........................20-11 Flight at Slow Airspeeds .....................................20-12 Common Errors ..............................................20-12 High Rate of Descent ..........................................20-12 Common Errors ..............................................20-13 Landings ..............................................................20-13 Normal Landing..............................................20-13 Short-Field Landing........................................20-13 Soft-Field Landing..........................................20-14 Crosswind Landing.........................................20-14 High-Altitude Landing....................................20-14 Common Errors During Landing....................20-15 Go-Around...........................................................20-15 Common Errors ..............................................20-15 After Landing and Securing................................20-15 Chapter 21—Gyroplane Emergencies Aborted Takeoff.....................................................21-1 Accelerate/Stop Distance..................................21-1 Lift-off at Low Airspeed and High Angle of Attack ............................................21-1 Common Errors ................................................21-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillation (PIO) ............................21-2 Buntover (Power Pushover) ..................................21-3 Ground Resonance ................................................21-3 Emergency Approach and Landing.......................21-3 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear............21-4 Chapter 22—Gyroplane Aeronautical Decision Making Impulsivity.............................................................22-1 Invulnerability .......................................................22-1 Macho....................................................................22-2 Resignation............................................................22-2 Anti-Authority .......................................................22-3 Glossary.................................................................G-1 Index........................................................................I-1 x
Page 2: ROTORCRAFT FLYING HANDBOOK 2000 U.S
Page 6 and 7: HELICOPTER Chapter 1—Introduction
Page 8 and 9: Technique..........................
Page 12 and 13: Helicopters come in many sizes and
Page 14 and 15: Main Rotor Wake Air Jet Downwash Li
Page 16 and 17: There are four forces acting on a h
Page 18 and 19: Increased Local Velocity (Decreased
Page 20 and 21: Load Factor - "G's" 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 22 and 23: Once a helicopter leaves the ground
Page 24 and 25: otation and blade deceleration take
Page 26 and 27: lift and thrust are greater than we
Page 28 and 29: Relative Wind Retreating Side Blade
Page 30 and 31: Bank Angle Vertical Component of Li
Page 32 and 33: percent of the radius. In the drive
Page 34 and 35: Note: In this chapter, it is assume
Page 36 and 37: The rotor disc tilts in the directi
Page 38 and 39: By knowing the various systems on a
Page 40 and 41: If the first and second stage turbi
Page 42 and 43: The horizontal hinge, called the fl
Page 44 and 45: RECIPROCATING ENGINES Fuel is deliv
Page 46 and 47: incorporated to prevent excessive v
Page 48 and 49: depends on the temperature of the o
Page 50 and 51: Title 14 of the Code of Federal Reg
Page 52 and 53: l0 5 l5 20 25 30 35 MANIFOLD PRESSU
Page 54 and 55: It is vital to comply with weight a
Page 56 and 57: sive forward displacement of cyclic
Page 58 and 59: Once you are satisfied that the tot
Page 60 and 61:
Basic Empty Weight Pilot Fwd Passen
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Your ability to predict the perform
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Approximate Density Altitude - Thou
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the entire flight operation. Being
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From the previous chapters, it shou
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2. brief passengers on the best way
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VERTICAL TAKEOFF TO A HOVER A verti
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Control pressures and direction of
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HOVER TAXI A "hover taxi" is used w
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3. Assuming an extreme nose-down at
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tain altitude and r.p.m. As the tor
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Start Turn At Boundary Turn More Th
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the helicopter is being crabbed int
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APPROACHES An approach is the trans
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The maneuvers presented in this cha
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TECHNIQUE Refer to figure 10-2. To
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COMMON ERRORS 1. Failing to maintai
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Figure 10-7. Slope takeoff. be cons
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made in the forward portion of the
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Today helicopters are quite reliabl
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After touchdown and after the helic
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HEIGHT ABOVE SURFACE - FEET 500 450
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helicopter, while the relative airf
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When performing slope takeoff and l
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the main rotor blades having an ang
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WEATHERCOCK STABILITY (120-240°) I
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LOW FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS Low freque
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Attitude instrument flying in helic
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ways. If the ram air inlet is clogg
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to true north. Because the aircraft
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AIRCRAFT CONTROL Controlling the he
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vertical speed indicator immediatel
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POWER CONTROL DURING STRAIGHT-AND-
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50 60 70 80 40 TORQUE 90 30 100 20
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to the approximate setting for the
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used, the rate of cross-check must
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AUTOROTATIONS Both straight-ahead a
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{ { Flying at night can be a very p
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White Red Red White Green Red Green
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you are operating off-airport, you
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Aeronautical decision making (ADM)
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THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS An unde
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Night VFR Accident Rate Per 100,000
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STRESSORS Physical Stress—Conditi
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OPERATIONAL PITFALLS Peer Pressure
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January 9th, 1923, marked the first
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LANDING GEAR The landing gear provi
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Helicopters and gyroplanes both ach
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elative wind striking the advancing
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subject to pendular action in the s
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Due to rudimentary flight control s
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Gyroplanes are available in a wide
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Figure 18-4. This prerotator uses b
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inability to use differential braki
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As with most certificated aircraft
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8 TOTAL TAKEOFF DISTANCE TO CLEAR 5
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The diversity of gyroplane designs
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minimize the length of the ground r
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adjust the fuel/air mixture to achi
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maximum performance is desired, two
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Start Turn At Boundary Turn More Th
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Shallowest Bank UPPER HALF OF CIRCL
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of failing to monitor and maintain
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for the gyroplane. When using the s
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Gyroplanes are quite reliable, howe
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BUNTOVER (POWER PUSHOVER) As you le
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As with any aircraft, the ability t
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leaves few places to safely land in
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GLOSSARY ABSOLUTE ALTITUDE—The ac
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FREE TURBINE—A turboshaft engine
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TRANSLATIONAL LIFT—The additional
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A ABORTED TAKEOFF, GYROPLANE 21-1 A
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turn indicators, 12-4 GYROSCOPIC PR
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R RAPID DECELERATION 10-3 RECIPROCA
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Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-21

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