Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-21
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-21
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-21
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contacts a fixed object while hovering sideward, or if<br />
the gear is stuck in ice, soft asphalt, or mud. Dynamic<br />
rollover may also occur if you do not use the proper<br />
landing or takeoff technique or while performing slope<br />
operations. Whatever the cause, if the gear or skid<br />
becomes a pivot point, dynamic rollover is possible if<br />
you do not use the proper corrective technique.<br />
Once started, dynamic rollover cannot be stopped by<br />
application of opposite cyclic control alone. For example,<br />
the right skid contacts an object and becomes the<br />
pivot point while the helicopter starts rolling to the<br />
right. Even with full left cyclic applied, the main rotor<br />
thrust vector and its moment follows the aircraft as it<br />
continues rolling to the right. Quickly applying down<br />
collective is the most effective way to stop dynamic<br />
rollover from developing. Dynamic rollover can occur<br />
in both skid and wheel equipped helicopters, and all<br />
types of rotor systems.<br />
CRITICAL CONDITIONS<br />
Certain conditions reduce the critical rollover angle,<br />
thus increasing the possibility for dynamic rollover and<br />
reducing the chance for recovery. The rate of rolling<br />
motion is also a consideration, because as the roll rate<br />
increases, the critical rollover angle at which recovery<br />
is still possible, is reduced. Other critical conditions<br />
include operating at high gross weights with thrust (lift)<br />
approximately equal to the weight.<br />
Refer to figure 11-6. The following conditions are<br />
most critical for helicopters with counter-clockwise<br />
rotor rotation:<br />
1. right side skid/wheel down, since translating tendency<br />
adds to the rollover force.<br />
2. right lateral center of gravity.<br />
Tail Rotor Thrust<br />
Main<br />
Rotor<br />
Thrust<br />
Tip Path Plane Neutral Cyclic<br />
Tip Path Plane Full Left Cyclic<br />
Crosswind<br />
3. crosswinds from the left.<br />
4. left yaw inputs.<br />
For helicopters with clockwise rotor rotation, the opposite<br />
would be true.<br />
CYCLIC TRIM<br />
When maneuvering with one skid or wheel on the<br />
ground, care must be taken to keep the helicopter cyclic<br />
control properly trimmed. For example, if a slow takeoff<br />
is attempted and the cyclic is not positioned and<br />
trimmed to account for translating tendency, the critical<br />
recovery angle may be exceeded in less than two seconds.<br />
Control can be maintained if you maintain proper<br />
cyclic position and trim, and not allow the helicopter’s<br />
roll and pitch rates to become too great. You should fly<br />
your helicopter into the air smoothly while keeping<br />
movements of pitch, roll, and yaw small, and not allow<br />
any untrimmed cyclic pressures.<br />
NORMAL TAKEOFFS AND LANDINGS<br />
Dynamic rollover is possible even during normal takeoffs<br />
and landings on relative level ground, if one wheel<br />
or skid is on the ground and thrust (lift) is approximately<br />
equal to the weight of the helicopter. If the<br />
takeoff or landing is not performed properly, a roll rate<br />
could develop around the wheel or skid that is on the<br />
ground. When taking off or landing, perform the<br />
maneuver smoothly and trim the cyclic so that no pitch<br />
or roll movement rates build up, especially the roll rate.<br />
If the bank angle starts to increase to an angle of<br />
approximately 5 to 8°, and full corrective cyclic does<br />
not reduce the angle, the collective should be reduced<br />
to diminish the unstable rolling condition.<br />
SLOPE TAKEOFFS AND LANDINGS<br />
During slope operations, excessive application of cyclic<br />
control into the slope, together with excessive collective<br />
pitch control, can result in the downslope skid rising<br />
sufficiently to exceed lateral cyclic control limits, and an<br />
upslope rolling motion can occur. [Figure 11-7]<br />
Tail Rotor Thrust<br />
Full Opposite Cyclic Limit<br />
to Prevent Rolling Motion<br />
Pivot Point<br />
Bank Angle<br />
Area of<br />
Critical Rollover<br />
Slope<br />
Weight<br />
Horizontal<br />
Figure 11-6. Forces acting on a helicopter with right skid on<br />
the ground.<br />
Figure 11-7. Upslope rolling motion.<br />
11-8