Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-21

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Technique..........................................................9-12 Common Errors ................................................9-12 Turns......................................................................9-12 Technique..........................................................9-12 Slips ..................................................................9-13 Skids..................................................................9-13 Common Errors ................................................9-13 Normal Climb........................................................9-13 Technique..........................................................9-13 Common Errors ................................................9-14 Normal Descent.....................................................9-14 Technique..........................................................9-14 Common Errors ................................................9-14 Ground Reference Maneuvers...............................9-14 Rectangular Course...........................................9-14 S-Turns..............................................................9-16 Turns Around a Point........................................9-17 Common Errors During Ground Reference Maneuvers .......................................9-18 Traffic Patterns ......................................................9-18 Approaches............................................................9-19 Normal Approach to a Hover ...........................9-19 Technique .....................................................9-19 Common Errors............................................9-19 Normal Approach to the Surface ......................9-20 Technique .....................................................9-20 Common Errors............................................9-20 Crosswind During Approaches.........................9-20 Go-Around.............................................................9-20 After Landing and Securing..................................9-20 Noise Abatement Procedures ................................9-20 Chapter 10—Advanced Maneuvers Reconnaissance Procedures...................................10-1 High Reconnaissance........................................10-1 Low Reconnaissance ........................................10-1 Ground Reconnaissance....................................10-1 Maximum Performance Takeoff ...........................10-2 Technique..........................................................10-2 Common Errors ................................................10-2 Running/Rolling Takeoff.......................................10-2 Technique..........................................................10-3 Common Errors ................................................10-3 Rapid Deceleration (Quick Stop)..........................10-3 Technique..........................................................10-3 Common Errors ................................................10-4 Steep Approach to a Hover ...................................10-4 Technique..........................................................10-4 Common Errors ................................................10-5 Shallow Approach and Running/Roll-On Landing..................................................................10-5 Technique..........................................................10-5 Common Errors ................................................10-5 Slope Operations ...................................................10-6 Slope Landing...................................................10-6 Technique.....................................................10-6 Common Errors............................................10-6 Slope Takeoff ....................................................10-6 Technique.....................................................10-7 Common Errors............................................10-7 Confined Area Operations.....................................10-7 Approach...........................................................10-7 Takeoff ..............................................................10-8 Common Errors ................................................10-8 Pinnacle and Ridgeline Operations .......................10-8 Approach and Landing .....................................10-8 Takeoff ..............................................................10-9 Common Errors ................................................10-9 Chapter 11—Helicopter Emergencies Autorotation...........................................................11-1 Straight-in Autorotation ....................................11-2 Technique .....................................................11-2 Common Errors............................................11-3 Power Recovery From Practice Autorotation ......................................................11-3 Technique .....................................................11-3 Common Errors............................................11-3 Autorotation With Turns ...................................11-3 Technique .....................................................11-3 Power Failure in a Hover..................................11-4 Technique .....................................................11-4 Common Errors............................................11-4 Height/Velocity Diagram.......................................11-4 The Effect of Weight Versus Density Altitude ................................................11-5 Vortex Ring State (Settling With Power) ..............11-5 Retreating Blade Stall............................................11-6 Ground Resonance.................................................11-7 Dynamic Rollover .................................................11-7 Critical Conditions............................................11-8 Cyclic Trim .......................................................11-8 Normal Takeoffs and Landings.........................11-8 Slope Takeoffs and Landings............................11-8 Use of Collective ..............................................11-9 Precautions........................................................11-9 Low G Conditions and Mast Bumping ...............11-10 Low Rotor RPM and Blade Stall ........................11-10 Recovery From Low Rotor RPM........................11-10 Systems Malfunctions..........................................11-11 Antitorque System Failure ..............................11-11 Landing—Stuck Left Pedal........................11-11 Landing—Stuck Neutral or Right Pedal .................................................11-12 Unanticipated Yaw / Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness (LTE) ........................................11-12 Main Rotor Disc Interference (285-315°) .......................................................11-12 Weathercock Stability (120-240°) .......................................................11-13 vi
Tail Rotor Vortex Ring State (<strong>21</strong>0-330°) .......................................................11-13 LTE at Altitude...........................................11-13 Reducing the Onset of LTE .......................11-13 Recovery Technique...................................11-14 Main Drive Shaft Failure................................11-14 Hydraulic Failures...........................................11-14 Governor Failure.............................................11-14 Abnormal Vibrations.......................................11-14 Low Frequency Vibrations.........................11-15 Medium and High Frequency Vibrations ...................................................11-15 Tracking and Balance ................................11-15 Flight Diversion...................................................11-15 Lost Procedures ...................................................11-16 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear..........11-16 Chapter 12—Attitude Instrument <strong>Flying</strong> Flight Instruments .................................................12-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ....................................12-1 Airspeed Indicator........................................12-1 Instrument Check.........................................12-1 Altimeter ......................................................12-2 Instrument Check.....................................12-2 Vertical Speed Indicator....................................12-2 Instrument Check.........................................12-2 System Errors...............................................12-2 Gyroscopic Instruments ....................................12-3 Attitude Indicator.........................................12-3 Heading Indicator ........................................12-3 Turn Indicators.............................................12-4 Instrument Check.........................................12-4 Magnetic Compass............................................12-4 Compass Errors............................................12-4 Magnetic Variation.......................................12-4 Compass Deviation..................................12-5 Magnetic Dip ...........................................12-5 Instrument Check.....................................12-5 Instrument Flight ...................................................12-5 Instrument Cross-Check ...................................12-5 Instrument Interpretation ..................................12-6 Aircraft Control ................................................12-7 Straight-and-Level Flight..................................12-7 Pitch Control................................................12-7 Attitude Indicator.....................................12-8 Altimeter..................................................12-8 Vertical Speed Indicator ..........................12-8 Airspeed Indicator ...................................12-9 Bank Control................................................12-9 Attitude Indicator.....................................12-9 Heading Indicator ..................................12-10 Turn Indicator ........................................12-10 Common Errors During Straight-and-Level Flight ...........................12-10 Power Control During Straight-and-Level Flight ...........................12-11 Common Errors During Airspeed Changes.......................................12-11 Straight Climbs (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate)..........................................12-11 Entry...........................................................12-12 Leveloff......................................................12-14 Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate) ................................................12-14 Entry...........................................................12-14 Leveloff......................................................12-15 Common Errors During Straight Climbs and Descents ....................12-15 Turns...............................................................12-15 Turns to a Predetermined Heading ............12-16 Timed Turns...............................................12-16 Change of Airspeed in Turns.................12-16 30° Bank Turn............................................12-17 Climbing and Descending Turns ...............12-17 Compass Turns...........................................12-17 Common Errors During Turns...................12-18 Unusual Attitudes............................................12-18 Common Errors During Unusual Attitude Recoveries....................................12-18 Emergencies ........................................................12-18 Autorotations ..................................................12-19 Common Errors During Autorotations..............................................12-19 Servo Failure...................................................12-19 Instrument Takeoff ..............................................12-19 Common Errors During Instrument Takeoffs ........................................12-20 Chapter 13—Night Operations Night Flight Physiology ........................................13-1 Vision in Flight .................................................13-1 The Eye.............................................................13-1 Cones ................................................................13-1 Rods ..................................................................13-2 Night Vision......................................................13-2 Night Scanning .................................................13-2 Aircraft Lighting...............................................13-3 Visual Illusions .................................................13-3 Autokinesis ..................................................13-3 Night Myopia...............................................13-3 False Horizon...............................................13-3 Landing Illusions .........................................13-4 Night Flight ...........................................................13-4 Preflight ............................................................13-4 Engine Starting and Rotor Engagement ...........13-4 Taxi Technique..................................................13-4 Takeoff ..............................................................13-4 En route Procedures..........................................13-5 v i
Page 2: ROTORCRAFT FLYING HANDBOOK 2000 U.S
Page 6 and 7: HELICOPTER Chapter 1—Introduction
Page 10 and 11: Collision Avoidance at Night.......
Page 12 and 13: Helicopters come in many sizes and
Page 14 and 15: Main Rotor Wake Air Jet Downwash Li
Page 16 and 17: There are four forces acting on a h
Page 18 and 19: Increased Local Velocity (Decreased
Page 20 and 21: Load Factor - "G's" 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 22 and 23: Once a helicopter leaves the ground
Page 24 and 25: otation and blade deceleration take
Page 26 and 27: lift and thrust are greater than we
Page 28 and 29: Relative Wind Retreating Side Blade
Page 30 and 31: Bank Angle Vertical Component of Li
Page 32 and 33: percent of the radius. In the drive
Page 34 and 35: Note: In this chapter, it is assume
Page 36 and 37: The rotor disc tilts in the directi
Page 38 and 39: By knowing the various systems on a
Page 40 and 41: If the first and second stage turbi
Page 42 and 43: The horizontal hinge, called the fl
Page 44 and 45: RECIPROCATING ENGINES Fuel is deliv
Page 46 and 47: incorporated to prevent excessive v
Page 48 and 49: depends on the temperature of the o
Page 50 and 51: Title 14 of the Code of Federal Reg
Page 52 and 53: l0 5 l5 20 25 30 35 MANIFOLD PRESSU
Page 54 and 55: It is vital to comply with weight a
Page 56 and 57: sive forward displacement of cyclic
Page 58 and 59:
Once you are satisfied that the tot
Page 60 and 61:
Basic Empty Weight Pilot Fwd Passen
Page 62 and 63:
Your ability to predict the perform
Page 64 and 65:
Approximate Density Altitude - Thou
Page 66 and 67:
the entire flight operation. Being
Page 68 and 69:
From the previous chapters, it shou
Page 70 and 71:
2. brief passengers on the best way
Page 72 and 73:
VERTICAL TAKEOFF TO A HOVER A verti
Page 74 and 75:
Control pressures and direction of
Page 76 and 77:
HOVER TAXI A "hover taxi" is used w
Page 78 and 79:
3. Assuming an extreme nose-down at
Page 80 and 81:
tain altitude and r.p.m. As the tor
Page 82 and 83:
Start Turn At Boundary Turn More Th
Page 84 and 85:
the helicopter is being crabbed int
Page 86 and 87:
APPROACHES An approach is the trans
Page 88 and 89:
The maneuvers presented in this cha
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TECHNIQUE Refer to figure 10-2. To
Page 92 and 93:
COMMON ERRORS 1. Failing to maintai
Page 94 and 95:
Figure 10-7. Slope takeoff. be cons
Page 96 and 97:
made in the forward portion of the
Page 98 and 99:
Today helicopters are quite reliabl
Page 100 and 101:
After touchdown and after the helic
Page 102 and 103:
HEIGHT ABOVE SURFACE - FEET 500 450
Page 104 and 105:
helicopter, while the relative airf
Page 106 and 107:
When performing slope takeoff and l
Page 108 and 109:
the main rotor blades having an ang
Page 110 and 111:
WEATHERCOCK STABILITY (120-240°) I
Page 112 and 113:
LOW FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS Low freque
Page 114 and 115:
Attitude instrument flying in helic
Page 116 and 117:
ways. If the ram air inlet is clogg
Page 118 and 119:
to true north. Because the aircraft
Page 120 and 121:
AIRCRAFT CONTROL Controlling the he
Page 122 and 123:
vertical speed indicator immediatel
Page 124 and 125:
POWER CONTROL DURING STRAIGHT-AND-
Page 126 and 127:
50 60 70 80 40 TORQUE 90 30 100 20
Page 128 and 129:
to the approximate setting for the
Page 130 and 131:
used, the rate of cross-check must
Page 132 and 133:
AUTOROTATIONS Both straight-ahead a
Page 134 and 135:
{ { Flying at night can be a very p
Page 136 and 137:
White Red Red White Green Red Green
Page 138 and 139:
you are operating off-airport, you
Page 140 and 141:
Aeronautical decision making (ADM)
Page 142 and 143:
THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS An unde
Page 144 and 145:
Night VFR Accident Rate Per 100,000
Page 146 and 147:
STRESSORS Physical Stress—Conditi
Page 148 and 149:
OPERATIONAL PITFALLS Peer Pressure
Page 150 and 151:
January 9th, 1923, marked the first
Page 152 and 153:
LANDING GEAR The landing gear provi
Page 154 and 155:
Helicopters and gyroplanes both ach
Page 156 and 157:
elative wind striking the advancing
Page 158 and 159:
subject to pendular action in the s
Page 160 and 161:
Due to rudimentary flight control s
Page 162 and 163:
Gyroplanes are available in a wide
Page 164 and 165:
Figure 18-4. This prerotator uses b
Page 166 and 167:
inability to use differential braki
Page 168 and 169:
As with most certificated aircraft
Page 170 and 171:
8 TOTAL TAKEOFF DISTANCE TO CLEAR 5
Page 172 and 173:
The diversity of gyroplane designs
Page 174 and 175:
minimize the length of the ground r
Page 176 and 177:
adjust the fuel/air mixture to achi
Page 178 and 179:
maximum performance is desired, two
Page 180 and 181:
Start Turn At Boundary Turn More Th
Page 182 and 183:
Shallowest Bank UPPER HALF OF CIRCL
Page 184 and 185:
of failing to monitor and maintain
Page 186 and 187:
for the gyroplane. When using the s
Page 188 and 189:
Gyroplanes are quite reliable, howe
Page 190 and 191:
BUNTOVER (POWER PUSHOVER) As you le
Page 192 and 193:
As with any aircraft, the ability t
Page 194 and 195:
leaves few places to safely land in
Page 196 and 197:
GLOSSARY ABSOLUTE ALTITUDE—The ac
Page 198 and 199:
FREE TURBINE—A turboshaft engine
Page 200 and 201:
TRANSLATIONAL LIFT—The additional
Page 202 and 203:
A ABORTED TAKEOFF, GYROPLANE 21-1 A
Page 204 and 205:
turn indicators, 12-4 GYROSCOPIC PR
Page 206 and 207:
R RAPID DECELERATION 10-3 RECIPROCA
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Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-21

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