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Quality of RTI/STI Case Management Services in India: Perspectives and ChallengesLaga, M. 1993. “Non-ulcerative STDs as Risk Factors for HIV-I Transmission in Women: Resultsfrom a Cohort Study.” AIDS 7: 95-102.Mehendele, S.M., M.E. Shepherd, A.D. Divekar, R.R.Gangakhedkar, S.S. Kamble, P.A. Menon, R.Yadav, A.R. Risbud, R.S. Paranjape, D.A. Gadkari, T.C. Quinn, R.C. Bollinger, and J.J. Rodrigues.1996. “Evidence for High Prevalence of Rapid Transmission of HIV among Individuals AttendingSTD Clinics in Pune, India.” Indian Journal of Medical Research 104: 327-35.National Council of Applied Economic Research. 2000. Who Benefits from Public HealthSpending in India.Plummer, F.A., J.N. Simonson, and D.W. Cameron. 1991. “Co-Factors in Male-Female SexualTransmission of HIV Type I.” Journal of Infectious Diseases 163: 233-39.Rodrigues, J.J., S.M. Mehendale, M.E. Shepherd, A.D. Divekar, R.R. Gangakhedkar, T.C. Quinn,R.S. Paranjape, A.R. Risbud, R.S. Brookmeyer, D.A. Gadkari, M.R. Gokhale, A.M. Rompalo, S.G.Deshpande, M.M. Khalandkar, N. Mawar, and R.C. Bollinger. 1995. “Risk Factors for HIVInfection in People Attending Clinics for STDs in India.” British Medical Journal 311: 283-86.Solomon, S., Anuradha S. Ganapathy, and M. Jagadeeswari. 1994. “Sentinel Surveillance of HIV-1Infection in Tamil Nadu.” International Journal of STDs and AIDS 5: 445-46.UNFPA. 2000. India Mid-Term Review of Fifth Country Programme, 2000.Chilongozi D. and A. Rtal. 1996. “STDs: A Survey of Case Management in Malawi.” InternationalJournal of STD and AIDS 7: 269-275.Vishwanathan, et al. 2000. “Syndromic Management of Vaginal Discharge among Women in aReproductive Health Clinic in India.” Sexually Transmitted Infections 76: 303-306.World Health Organization. 1999. Integrating STI Management in to Family Planning Services:What are the Benefits? Geneva: WHO.World Health Organization. 2000. The World Health Report 2000. Health Systems: ImprovingPerformance.168
HIV/AIDS: International PerspectiveSession 5HIV/AIDS: International PerspectiveD C S Reddy, Consultant WHO, Epidemiology, NACO, New DelhiIntroductionSince HIV/AIDS was first reported in 1981, it has spread rapidly across theglobe, infecting over 60 million people. The enormity of the HIV/AIDSepidemic has had a crumbling effect not only on people’s health and on thehealth systems of affected nations, but also on development as a whole. Thegrowth and magnitude of the epidemic and its consequences vary fromcountry to country and even between provinces within a country. Thesevariations are attributable to the level, appropriateness, and timeliness ofaffected communities’ responses, in addition to the social and behaviouraldeterminants and mode of HIV transmission in that area. An attempt is madehere to summarize the current global HIV/AIDS situation in terms of themagnitude and consequences of the epidemic and to critically examine thefactors / intervention efforts contributing to variations in the epidemic insome relevant settings.The ProblemGlobal ScenarioBy the end of December 2001, 40 million people were estimated to be livingwith HIV/AIDS, of whom 37.2 millions (93%) are in their productive years(15–49 years of age) and 17.6 million (44%) are women. During 2001, anestimated 5 million people contracted HIV and three million people diedfrom AIDS (Table 1).Table 1. Global Summary of HIV/AIDS Epidemic 1 , December 2001People Total Adults Women Children
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Health Policy IssuesandHealth Progr
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ContentsContentsPrefaceList of Part
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I would also like to thank our tech
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List of ParticipantsIndu Kumar Pand
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List of ParticipantsMohmed ShaukatD
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List of ParticipantsR K PurohitAddi
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GlossaryGlossaryAbbreviationsAIIMSA
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GlossaryLHVLILMISMAPMCMCHMDRTBMDTM&
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GlossaryTHRTRCTRIPsTTTUUDCUIPUPUTVC
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Inaugural Sessionwould be the first
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Inaugural SessionOnly 18% of the pr
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Inaugural SessionMadhukar Gupta, Ch
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Inaugural Sessionrotational basis f
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Inaugural Sessiontell you more abou
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Public Health Issues, Priorities, a
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National Health Programmes: An Over
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Implementation of National Health P
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Use of Epidemiological Surveillance
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Designing a Surveillance SystemFurt
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Designing a Surveillance Systemsurv
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National Health Programme in Uttara
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IEC Strategies for Health in IndiaS
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IEC Strategies for Health in Indial
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IEC Strategies for Health in IndiaS
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IEC Strategies for Health in IndiaA
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IEC for Health Programmes in Uttara
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Session 3Private and Public SectorP
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Public-Private Interaction in Healt
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Cost Recovery Measures in Governmen
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Page 130 and 131: Arogya Raksha: Health Insurance Sch
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Page 160 and 161: Session 1Session 4Access to Health
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Streamlining the Drug Procurement a
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Sanitation and Public Health Issues
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Ayurveda and Unani Department and t
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Specific Health Policy and Programm
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